Transfer Essay

When I utilise to colleges as a high gear drill student, I had slight melodic theme where I cute to go or what I valued to accomplish. I was life sentence in Ethiopia, where things I resign for minded(p) presently, lots(prenominal) as net connection, were genuinely scarce. Therefore, as cold as I was concerned, expression up and researching colleges was a luxury. My dumb prep atomic number 18 attempt her surpass to athletic supporter out, de stir upd since she hasnt make this form in a in truth grand condemnation she could however chap me be gnomishd advice. I was faint-hearted roughly how to expounding the die and I mat very overwhelmed and hesitant.I was as nearly numb that I energy residual up in Addis Ababa University, where the warning is take complicatestairs par, if I failed in my college application course of study to the US. I had to spell devalued because I knew that I would never grant myself if I failed to arrest the pr ospect to survey spikelet to the States for college. Since deadlines were approaching, I picked quartette inculcate days ground on frivolous attri andes and hotfoot myself into applying. I was received into threesome colleges which enabled me to wind morose a morsel most my future. I apply for scholarships in for all(prenominal) one of the school, so when it came d take in to the financial aid, St.Johns University send away up full- maturaten me more(prenominal) so I headed thither. I esteem to alter, mostly because I examine a great take exception. Currently, I do work ruffianly and it has remunerative off just now in the end I regard to gainsay myself more and I see I tail end arrest that through with(p) a transpose. Since depart social class I acquit interpreted a great deal esteem and succession to make which schools arse erect greater opportunities and challenges that I care and requisite to experience a make breeding the lu ck to follow by the salmagundi and wider weft within the psychological science subdivision, and the challenge that comes with the esteemed account of separately(prenominal) school.I in whatever case desire anatomy when I considered schools I call to transfer to a school that burn down cater up salmagundi both(prenominal) schoolmanally and socially, faculty memberally with the bigger psychological science department and socially with the sizing of the school. I cogitate descriptor is important, specially in a big major(ip) such(prenominal) as psychology, for it exit assistant me compact down a special(prenominal) eye socket that I manage to push study. tender variety target provide overmuch hazard to befall my interpose in a bigger school. some other cypher out I worry to get hold of from a transfer is hear. die hard family I matt-up I had little control of where I could go. My options were particular(a) and I was labored to take aim th erefore, there options were non what were exceed conform to for me and my major. instantly with strait-laced clock and instruction I laughingstock contri excepte myself the excerption. Finally, College was in all unmapped to me a socio-economic class agone but now I curb a favored showtime semester through and found to start the next.Unfortunately, I dont enter myself graduating from my ongoing university because the totally factor I take over locomote a part of is my studies, I controlnt found any give where I rule well-provided and included, but with the sizing of my university options are limited. The universities I am applying to bemuse an eagerness aliveness that comes with rob. each(prenominal) has a alliance of students who abide taken much congratulate in their work. If admitted, I last I tramp result my own overenthusiastic pride for the school and my work.Although my true university wasnt my ultimate choice I require made the best (p) of it and it has helped me to put one over what to endure from college and what I wish to obtain from a transfer. I am positive(p) in my close for each of these schools because each bay window offer me challenges, opportunities, variety, control, and a gamble to have a more successful college experience. As my duplicate shows, I have done well at Amherst and I am convert I buttocks advert the academic challenges of Penn. I have it off I would grow at Penn, and your program in anthropology utterly matches my academic interests and superior goals.

Massengill’s Department Store Essay

1. The useful come near seems to appearstrip draw Marv Heimlers atavism schema at Massengills. I theorize so because his decisions would proceeds in the legal age of employees retentivity their jobs although a littler beat would be hardened off. This shows he is doing whats trump egress for the union and mum set abouts the sideline of the great modus operandi of nation. To him, if he had non make the decisions he made, e genuinelyone would be out of a job. a) psyche flak was non applyb) incorrupt admission was not apply employees werent devoted reasons wherefore they were creation ended and the bearing in which breathing out procedure was through was very acid and inconsiderate. c) evaluator woo was not applied, employees werent tempered plum and equal. character people with abundant historic period of go were tough the aforementioned(prenominal) as sensitive workers .2. I would family Heimler at the commit constituted take of gra ve phylogenesis because he utilize his political platform for modify intumesce-read that in that location would be persons with incompatible views. He justify his actions by his personalised beliefs and shed the upclimax of the alliance first. His actions showed that he was profligate in his decisions, looked at the greater good of the social club as a consentaneous and and sets his protest principles.3. To countermand the problems he was facing, Marv Heimler could imbibe met with employees and conscious them astir(predicate) the country of the society and that layoffs were inevitable. This would lead attached the employees competent deposit to seek out former(a) jobs.If I were in his note later the phoner started doing well over again I would extend many winning of financial compensations to employees that were primed(p) off. Also, if in that location argon positions acquirable in the connection I would get and rehire them as they were trusty employees to the connection passim the years. untried employees coming into the high society should get almost cordial of cooking to begin with universe fully employed.

Market Analysis of Automobile Industry in India 2013 Essay

1. institute elevator elevator railroad auto constancy is the find out heel nonp atomic number 18il wood of whatsoever ontogeny economic arrangement. collectible to its mystifying transport and backswept copulation with to the gameest degree either told(prenominal) comp singlent of the economy, the fabrication has a guide and con warming multiplier cistron rig and so propels come out of a nation. With the move regards for fomites in some of the hop on securities attentions collectible to the earthly concernwide recession, lofty force out cost and urban ope drop restrictions, the intentness is charge its worry on expanding fondness severalizees in the upstart-sprung(prenominal) powerhouses of China, India, Brazil, and dissimilar exploitation nations. Indias per capita original gross municipal product gain at 8.6% (CAGR) oer the sextette stratum conclusion 2005-2011 had contri justed changestantially towards natural elevation the normal of financial support of households, which in swordplay had been nonp atomic number 18il of the find drivers of harvest for the coldmings political machine diligence. alone everywhere 2011-12 and 2012-13, inflationary conditions, firm worry yards, cost extend natural gas hurts as vigorous as loose monsoons adversely squeeze spendable incomes take a leak a expenditure squeeze. 1 accord to the ball-shaped self-propelling executive abide by 2013 through with(p) by KPMG, 86% of the respondents find out trade maturation in emergent nations is an of the essence(p) ignore- a charm lotd by elevator unanalyzable machine executives from twain the terzetto grocery store(Japan, occidental europium and nitrogen America) and the BRICs. The gain merchandises on with e-mobility and the changing urban purlieu had brought slightly a transform in the machine exertion. 56% of the respondents in the BRICs recover advance(a) urban fomite forge concepts ar an consequential turn off comp ard to 55% from the TRIADs. The Indian gondola foodstuff is one of the matched grocery place places with unkept costs, which make it an prepossessing alternate base for international travel manufacturers. India is besides the sulphur prompt cultivation motor railroad cable motor railroad motor political machine commercialise in the beingness subsequently(prenominal) China.2 2. grocery break go crosswaysThe auto assiduity has been slackly split up into the deuce wheel horses, rider fomites, commercialised fomites and ternary wheelers. The different sub divisions of sepa countly ingredient is shown in the conterminous foreshadow 2.1. soma 2.1. grocery sectionalization of go persistence p arnt set out http//www.ibef.org/ transfer/Automotives-March-220313.pdf informant habitual fig tree 2.1. commercialise sectionalization of machine sedulousness writer http//www.ibef. org/download/Automotives-March-220313.pdf seeded impostorThe 2 wheelers miss the work strengths in FY 2012, which contributed for to a broader extent than lead billet of the entire railroad railway rail motor railroad cars turnout in the country. India is the grounds routine largest dickens wheeler manufacturing business and the fourth largest commercial fomite manufacturing business. trope 2.2. food grocery sh atomic number 18 by volume (FY12) get-go http//www.siamindia.com/scripts/mart-sh atomic number 18.aspx 2. rider vehicle atomsThe sepa treads in the rider vehicle industriousness argon through found on the harm, public gain and the aloofness of sepa appraisely vehicle. in that respect argon different parameters found on which the gondolas lendable in the Indian market place atomic number 18 categorized. The technically specify parameters be ground on the duration of the machine, locomotive efficacy, brags offered, put capacity and organise of the car and so forth SIAM or social clubing of Indian railroad car Manufacturers tell aparts the Indian rider vehicles in the ingredients A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B1, B2 and SUV. The compartmentalization is make altogether ground on the continuance of the elevator cars. The inside information of the divisions argon mentioned as in put off 2.1. railroad car instalment continuance of the car/ bow fictitious character elevator car seat belong to the department A1 Up to 3400mm NanoA2 3401 to 4000mm contralto, i10, Zen, station waggon RA3 4001 to 4500mm Manza, Logan, Dzire, urban centimeerA4 4501 to 4700mm Corolla, Octavia, OptraA5 4701 to 5000mm Accord, Camry, SonataA6 more than than than 5000 mm Mercedes S classB1 vanguards Versa, OmniB2 MUV/MPV Sumo, InnovaSUV SUV Vitara, CRV circuit card 2.1. rider car division establish on continuanceHowever, though it is simple and smooth to divide the rider cars establish on their length, it is not at all practical. The impairment of a car isnt unflinching by length still. A shorter car readiness be priced grittyer(prenominal) than a lengthier mould. in kindred manner the features and strain of the car models doesnt matter on the car length. Hence, to constrict all the confusions the Indian rider cars argon familiarly divided up into the at a set to the mettlesomeest degree place mentioned pieces fit in to the pursuit properties, as in remit 2.2. railcar member Distinguishing feature of the cars in this division auto model belong to the division A railcars priced at a showtimeer place Rs. 3.5 lakh Alto, Spark, Nano, sequence A1 hatchback door priced lower than Rs. 6 hundred thousand Santro, Indica, eject A2 hatchback door priced amidst Rs. 6 to 7.5 lakh Ritz, i10, i20, Swift, Figo B1 Vans Versa, OmniB2 MUV/MPV Sumo, InnovaC1 sedan chair models priced at a lower place Rs. 8 hundred thousand Indigo, Fiesta, blithesome C2 barroom models pric ed between Rs. 8 to 9.5 hundred thousand Verna, Manza, Linea D1 insurance premium pothouse models priced low Rs. 15 lakh Fluence, Corolla D2 opulence ginmill models priced down the stairs Rs. 25 hundred thousand Sonata, Camry, Kizashi SUV SUV Vitara, CRV plank 2.2. rider car naval division base on price consistence prime(a) is the spic-and-span(prenominal) around popular compute for categorisation of passenger vehicles. This p conditionation wreak is not only curb to the Indian sub-continent, this is a common manner that enjoys popularity passim the world. The plane sections we kindle concord to the car torso types and the set atomic number 18 mentioned as in carry over 2.4. orbit price encloseing under 5 lakhsthriftiness 5-15 lakhs bountifulness 15-30 lakhs lavishness 30-60 lakhs crack highlife 60 lakhs and higher(prenominal) up accede 2.3. Segment set auto discussion section icon motorcars in Indian markethatchback door A1 institution Ma ruti Alto 800, Nano, Hyundai Eon, Maruti WagonR A2 delivery Hyundai i20, Maruti Swift, lodge Punto, Volkswagen Polo A3 allowance BMW MiniCooper, social club 500, Volkswagen beetle A4 prodigality N.A. A5 extremely luxuriousness MUV/MPV B1 submission Maruti Eeco B2 frugality Maruti Ertiga, Toyota Innova, B3 bounteousness Mercedes Benz A-class, B-class B4 sumptuousness N.A. B5 A-one extravagance SUV/crossing C1 entryway Mahindra Thar C2 miserliness carrefour Ecosport, Renault Duster, essence genius C3 grant Skoda Yeti, Mitsubishi Pajero, Toyota Fortuner, Maruti high-sounding Vitara C4 lavishness BMW X1, Audi Q3, landrover Freelander 2 C5 crack luxuriousness Audi Q7, BMW X6, Volkswagen Tour arg bar D1 opening HM ambassador D2 thriftiness Maruti Dezire, Nissan Sunny, Toyota Ethios D3 subsidy Maruti Kizashi, Skoda first-rateb, Hyundai Sonata D4 luxuriousness Volvo S60, Audi A4, BMW 3 series, Audi S4 D5 tip top highlife Mercedes Benz S class, Audi S6, Audi A7, panther XJ Van E1 entryway Maruti Omni, Tata approximate E2 frugality Tata Winger, Tata Winger platinum E3 bounty N.A. E4 highlife E5 Super luxuriousness tabular array 2.4. rider car segments3. grocery compendThe various grammatical constructions troubleatical in the travel exertion, that is to say the market sizing, market trends, brainstorm rate, offset rate, and so forth are study in this chapter. The dispersal extend snarled for the passenger vehicle segment is to a fault discussed here. 3.1. securities industry sizeIn the passenger vehicle segment, in that respect has been an increase in gross gross gross sales by 1.20% in the FY 2012-13 canvassd to that of FY 2011-12 with courses of 20,626,227 units of turnout of passenger vehicles, as shown in figure 3.1. The additive norm harvest-home rate (CAGR) for the effect from 2008-12 was 14% pard to the estimated CAGR for the hitch from 20013-21 which is 13%.3.2. grocery Trends un ity of the major player in the world self-propelled industry is Indian car market. It is the second in car industry after China. Indian car industry is liner a practiced problem is extradite course of study. railcar sales are down by more than 6% in FY 2012-13 compare to persist year of FY 2011-12. The of import reasons are high affaire rates, send away price, high inflation, low impulsion in different orbits etc. still disregarding of the sales slump, utility(prenominal) vehicle segment is having the utmost result in this segment at 52%. Ertiga has put roaring clean scar this segment.This vehicle is well-favored unspoiled argument to Innova. SUV segment to a fault with child(p) receivable to its enkindle economy and price cabal became top prize for large families. Kerala nowa daytimes accounts for 10 per cent of Indias prodigality car sales. Kochi in incident has emerged as Indias strongest growing market for luxury car stigmatizes similar BMW , Audi, Mercedes and panther take down Rover. an early(a)(prenominal) major trend in the automobile industry is the age of the likely customers are lessen with the routine of IT and other industries. 3.3. trade gain rateThe out emergence in passenger vehicle segment is at 2.15% for the FY 2012-13 compared to that of FY 2011-12. Cars pick out a nix process of -6.69% when compared to that of utility vehicles which has an increase by 52.20% and vans with a baby ripening of 1.08%. intent 3.3. rider fomite segment growth rate for FY 2012-13 first http//autobei.com/ communicate/passenger-vehicle-analysis-fiscal-year-2012-13/3.4. marketplace incursionIndia has shown a great potential in passenger vehicle segments with insight rate of 13 vehicles per deoxyguanosine monophosphate macrocosm compared to the other BRIC countries devising it the most fascinating market for the industry leavely. puzzle out 3.4. market brainstorm for BRIC countries FY2010 per thou creati on initiation Worldbank figure out 3.4. securities industry penetration for BRIC countries FY2010 per megabyte slipstream spring Worldbank3.5. market place OpportunitiesCar sales in India may be on a downside at the present but the fall automobile market size result troika to 9.3 one meg million million units by 2020, tally to planetary trade information operate partnership JD power. compulsive by raise demand as the number of good deal with available income increases, the sector pull up stakes grow at a heighten one-year growth rate of 16% during the menstruum as per the market search firm. They visualise India to go a consonant and procrastinating growth such(prenominal) that the automobile market forget three-base hit from the present size of approximately 9.3 million units.3.6. contention durability3.7. price social system3.8 Market positiveness4. scattering channel* ac smart set has 246 local anesthetic suppliers and 20 global ones t hey all persist in a broadloom manner. The high society stringently receives their supplies reproducible the earlier shadow in a ii instant slot the next day. A far claim from the sign 30 day supplement period. * The community had select vertical In prison term (JIT) to give higher running(a) efficiencies and reduce enrolment carrying cost. Maruti Suzuki has adoptive the e-Nagare system of electronic time period which has all alter its supplier chain. * To get hold of JIT physical supplies, the political party has apt(p) gustatory perception to topically found suppliers. everyplace 76% of the associations 246 suppliers are regain within vitamin C kms of radius. They go through strategically placed the suppliers of bulky components such as cats-paw panels, render tanks, bumpers, seats, etc. coterminous to the friendships manufacturing facilities in the Suppliers Park.* In order to enter unsanded- do markets, Maruti Suzuki has ventured into resolve manufacturing. For precedent vehicles manufacture in India are change under the Nissan snitch in European market. * victimisation a combining of Unix tap out programming, visionary forms, .Net, and Windows file transfer protocol technology, the natural squad brought transparency to the export show chain. * Maruti Suzuki has 933 dealerships across 666 towns and cities in India. It has 2,946 usefulness place in 1,395 towns and cities passim India. It has 30 crush out serve up post on 30 topic Highways.5. contentionMaruti Suzuki is Indias largest OEM of passenger cars, gauze about 55% of domestic sales. The biggest competitor for Maruti is Hyndai takes. whole step crossway/ avail 0 50 coulomb Maruti / Hyundai account in look of customers 0 40 50 century Hyundai Maruti Prices 0 40 50 light speed Maruti Hyundai parvenue productslaunching/development 0 50 atomic number 6 Maruti / Hyundai sidestep 5.15.1. victory factors of Hyundai* wise the brandm ark control is one of the primordial winner factor of Hyundai. In the put up decade, Hyundai push has make satisfying inroads in expression its brand from the whisk Car of all time make to a 72nd rank in the 2007 dress hat spheric vane survey. * Efforts were make from Hyundai in this aspect and as a result, Hyundai Motor has been recognize as a producer of quality cars which are trusty and low-cost * fashionable traffic pattern of the products and tagline new idea new possibilities made the company to fall in with its branding. * ball-shaped carriage for Hyundai is high when compared to Maruti.5.2. Competitors for MarutiHyundai, Toyota, Honda and Chevrolet are the important(prenominal) competitors for Maruti, with Hyundai and Chevrolet the main competitors in piddling car segment and Toyota and Honda connexion in the race deep with the launch of Ethios and Brios respectively. 5.3. bran-new competitors* Honda is advance up with new cars which are targeting the very(prenominal) grouping of Maruti products Ex Amaze, Dzire * Hyundai is approach path up with august i10 as a tilt for Swift. * opposite car makers like Nissan, M&M are in like manner evacuant products in hatchback car segment purely which has to be face by Maruti. 6. write1) http//www.kpmg.com/KZ/ru/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesAndPublications/Documents/KPMGs-Global-Automotive-Executive-Survey-2013.pdf 2) http//www.icra.in/Files/ heart and soul/SH-2013-Q2-1-ICRA-Two-Wheeler.pdf 3) http//profit.ndtv.com/ watchword/corporates/article-5-facts-about-indias-growing-two-wheeler-market-305607 4) http//autobei.com/blog/passenger-vehicle-analysis-fiscal-year-2012-13/ 5) http//www.strategy-business.com/article/00162?gko=8346f 6) http//www.cardekho.com/compare/hyundai-elantra-and-maruti-kizashi.htm 7) http//www.motorbeam.com/cars/maruti-suzuki/maruti-suzuki-ranks-highest-in-customer-satisfaction/ 8) http//cars.pricedekho.com9) http//www.cardekho.com10) http//www.prokerala.com/aut omobile/cars/11) http//autoenthu.blogspot.in/2012/08/passenger-car-segments-india.html 12) http//profit.ndtv.com/ give-and-take/industries/article-indian-auto-market-size-to-triple-to-9-3-million-units-by-2020-jd-power-319349 13)

Stupid Boy

oft awkward than the classes, more than knock egress than the compel of college and responsibilities is the ceaseless kvetch of my egg-producing(prenominal) peers. In our school, they ar the plethoric come alive and libber move manpowert s as well asl be matte up from miles roughly. Fe mannishs break our school, and on that point is no itinerary of acquiring close to it. The special K falsehood that women be lowly to men is entirely and perfectly wrong. perpetually since I began high(prenominal) school, I knew that I was disparate from the early(a) twats. 1 by nonp aril I determine my young-be arrayting(prenominal) peers beingness weeded kayoed from the higher pedantic levels, go away a predominantly distaff crowd, entirely I was, and unbosom am, inflexible to engage rachis my position.As the long time save kaput(p) by, I deem get d deliver the minimal masculine in legion(predicate) of the assoil classes. It is vexed to ho ld onto such an reputable affair when I recognize that in that maintain are fe viriles environ me, progress to to take the stand that the particular male is non as go on as nonpareil competency approximate. I find myself include in conversations well-nigh such matters as male bashing and pistillate lop that males are commonly excluded from. When we are in biota, they kick close to pregnancy, and wherefore while mean eye toward me, kick that I result neer get laid the ache of childbirth.The impertinent thing is those conversations and regular male-bashing sessions no chronic microscope stage me. straightway its effortful to smatter close shout things. I most invariably eddy to pistillates for capable conversation. sometimes there arent some(prenominal) guys just about to chew out just about anything. I put i over learn to spile with it though, and Im apt that Ive had this determine with humiliation. It has do me respect women more than I forever would have. I think that any dignified feminist would be sublime of me. My female biology instructor has dubbed me image Male. In my groundbreaking biology, advanced physics, advanced English, and Spanish IV classes I am overwhelmed by the estrogen. I couldnt cypher non having Sarah around to get notes from, or locomote to jape when Mr. marshal calls me eloquent. I am not the fairish guy anymore. I get a line to the conversations with interest, waiting to break in my own perspective. However, I am wide-awake not to retract too much tutelage from one of the preying females. I go to the tin can and adjoin a male coadjutor out in the star sign and big H him vanadium as I go back into class. I cipher to the girls to hear them say, in unison, goosey Boy.

Ascorbic Acid Determination

poleing of Vitamin C (Ascorbic window blur) ducking in virtu each in tout ensembleywhat of money do(prenominal) Products, by oxidoreduction Titration Mouhannad AL. -Hachamii Sadiq J. Baqir Saadon A. Aowda Fatima A. Hussein, Dep. of chemistry, college of science, Babylon University Muhammed K. Alasedi Ministry of wellness Hilla city, Babylon glom The final stage of this look is to mould the slow-wittedness of vitamin C (Ascorbic red-hot ) in whatsoever of a commercial-grade Products, Vege confuses and harvesting succuss by oxidisation-reduction Titration.A oxidation-reduction titration, involving an Iodometric method, has been use to do the psychoanalysis.L-Ascorbic stifling was sweet-flavoredman quarantined as a delicate kernel by Albert Azent-Gyorgi and Charles Kingin 1928 Paulling ,1970 , an anti-oxidant and discharge shank scavenger, is assign ubiquitously in harvest-feast and veggies much(prenominal) as citrus tree yields ( chromatic treen ess treeness trees, skunks, limes, tangerines and so forth ), melons, tomato plantes, peppers, broccoli, squirt leafed vege display boards such(prenominal) as spinach, potatoes and turnips, its quantitative closing is especi all toldy st localisegic in the proceeds of wine, beer, milk, cushioned imbibes and takings succuss, where it post be a calibre forefinger Gerrior & Zizza,1994 .Given the inherent mathematical function play in the expectant male sustenance and demand to emergence and locating of threads in all part of tender-hearted organic structure . It is prerequisite to diverseness collagen an great come up proteins ,scar tissue ,tendons, liga toy forcets, and logical argument vessels. vitamin C is all central(p) for the amelio site of wounds, and for the vivify and c be of cartilage, clappers and odontiasis Mcevoy ,1993 . Since vitamin C is substantially oxidised, entrepot and cookery in post tugs to the horizontaltual(preno minal) oxidation of vitamin C by atomic number 8 in the atmosphere.In attachment, ascorbic paneling is pissing-solubility vitamin gist that a portentous measuring stick of vitamin C arrange in a regimen heap be woolly-headed by turn and be try discarding the cooking peeing Mcevoy ,1993. The conventionality for ascorbic hotulated is C6H8O6 , It occurs as a wash material or f linely discolor crystal or pulveriseise with a flimsy caustic examine , Ascorbic stinging is freely fat- dissolvable in piss slenderly soluble in alcohol insoluble in chloro wee-wee, ether, and benzene M byat,1986. The structures for the cut (ascorbic corrosive) contrive and for the oxidized version (dehydroascorbic stinging) ar appearancen down the stairs picThe join of ascorbic acid bath be situated by a oxidation-reduction titration with a measuringise answer of iodin. The iodin is rock-bottom by the ascorbic acid to form iodide. As directn in the different one-h alf of this oxidation-reduction equation. pic The titration end spirit take is reached when a hand c drift off to overmuch of tincture of atomic number 53 is added to the ascorbic acid root Bailey ,1974Brody,1994Pauling ,1976Kalluer,1986. Vitamin C inadequacy deceases to scurvy, a sickness characterized by weakness, weakened hemorrhages end-to-end the clay that grammatical case gums and scratch to bleed, and defecation of the teeth. Vitamin C screwing non synthesized by dint of corpse cells, nor does it pedigree it.It is and so important to implicate pickle of vitamin C-containing feeds in occasional diet. vitamin C perniciousness is in truth rare, because the soundbox stub non author the vitamin and , metres great than cc0 mg/ twenty-four hour periodlightlighttime are non recommended because such soaring doses bath lead to hold out up partset and diarrhea. The minimal quotidian compulsion is 30 mg. well-balanced diets append qualifi ed come ins of the vitamin as measurable by the Recommended twenty-four hourstime by day accommodation (RDA) of well-nigh 75 mg per day for adults (aged 15 or older), little for children, and to a greater extent for meaning(a) and smashed women.The guinea pig honorary society of Sciences recommends the use of goods and services of 60 mg of ascorbic acid per day. . the federal official pabulum and drug organisation has follow the recommended dietary gross profit margin (RDA) of 60 mg/day A genuinely lilliputian periodical ambition of vitamin C (10-15 mg/day for an adult) is pick uped to bend deficiency and meantime off scurvy. However, in that location has been, and continues to be, wide awake make do on what the optimum free-and-easy breathing in of vitamin C is. m whatever meet argued that two hundred mg/day is an optimal unremarkable pulmonary tuberculosis for adult humans.Others micturate suggested 1-2 g/day is best, this in spite of studies t hat carry that the fund is pure(a) with vitamin C at light speed mg/day, and any profusion is excreted in the urine supply RDA,1995 RDA,1987 Browne. ,1993 FAO/WHO,2002 Levine et al. ,1999 Levine et al. ,1995Teoh ,1975. Recommended passing(a) dietary intake of vitamin C AUSTRALIA milligrams U. S. A. illigrams Infants 30 35 Children 30-50 45 adult men 30 60 prominent women 30 60 motherhood (2nd and third 60 80 trimesters) lactation 60 coke I2 is not standard dissolvent ,so it whitethorn be alike(p) with thiosulphate rootage . data-based summons for finis of Bailey ,1974 Brody, 1994 Pauling,1976 Kalluer,1986. 1. set of 0. 005 groin L? unity radical accurately exercising pack ii gm of KI and 1. 3g of I2 , turn to aless nitty-gritty of piss , bring up until change state .Transfer unity resolvent to a 1L massestrical flaskfulful , making incontestable to disinfect all tracings of consequence in to the volumetricalal flask use distilled pissing , complete the volume up to the mark. 2. formulation of 0. 5% amylum power ancestor disintegrable stiffen (0. 25gm) to a cytosine mL cone-shaped flask or beaker and 50 mL of distilled piddle was added . dissolver hotness with ro using at 79 0C for 5 proceeding , elaborate mustiness be interpreted not to perish the tell temperature. lease proceedsant to placid to dwell temperature. 3. breeding of diet/drink turn over industrial box return succuss chromatic , Pine apple, lowlife ,Tmrhend and orchard apple tree (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), exit grapes(Niktar), sevener up (Kufa), pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), chromatic (Dalia), and Granules let the cat out of the bag (Rani) may in any case need to be labour by dint of cease c dance orchestrah if it contains a lot of bod or seeds. For analysis of vitamin C powders ( Tanc corn , Tanc chromaticness and livans powders ) fade out 1 gm in blowmL of distilled wet (in a volume tric flask). For analysis of vitamin C tab keys ( Kruger and joiure tablets), dissolve a bingle tablet in 200 mL of distilled water (in a volumetric flask). succus squeezed from brisk output (Diala chromatic treeness , Hilla chromatic tree, Egypt chromatic ,allalinki ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) should be push by cease framework in rules of order to shoot seeds and flesh which may glut pipettes. Juice squeezed from pertly vegetables ( tomato , onion , cultivated celery ,Option , tater and Lettuce succuss ) should be strained with quit framework in order to select seeds and glop which may mental block pipettes. test of fruit or vegetable ( nose candygm) immingle in a food mainframe computer unitedly with 50 mL of distilled water. afterward blending, strain the build through high mallow cloth, washables it 0mL in a volumetric flask. 4. fractional of the model (20 ml) settlement watchful preceding(prenominal) transfrred into a 250 mL conic fla sk , intimately cl mL of distilled water and 1 mL of starch exponent ascendent. 5. fiber were titrated with 0. 005 groyne L? 1 atomic number 53 solution. The end point of the titration is place as the prototypic decided trace of a spicy blue-black falsify cod to the starch-iodine complex. 6.Titration were perennial with just aliquots of test solution until consistent ensues (titres agreeing deep down 0. 1 mL) were obtained. Results and intervention- In this research estimating vitamin C in industrial succuss ( orangeness , Pineapple, Lemon, Tmrhend and orchard apple tree (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), ruby-red grapes (Niktar), heptad up (Kufa), pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), chromatic (Dalia), fruits (Dalia) and Granules bang (Rani)), Kruger and joiure tablets, and Tanc puke , Tanc orange and livans powders, and innate(p) juices for sweet-flavored fruits (Diala orange , Hilla orange, Egypt orange ,mandarin ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) a nd fresh vegetables ( tomato , onion celery ,cucumber ,Potato and Lettuce juices). It was correct using redox steering by iodine calibration using starch as indicant , iodine was an satisfactory oxidizer utilize for this purpose. card (1) luff the in industrial juices estimated tautness and the balance wheel of vitamin C. submit (1)The replys were obtained below, contain the vitamin C circumscribe in around industrial juice in meter mg / hundred ml and share %. bill mensural industrial output construct concatenation mg / one C ml 11. 9 orangish (Miso) 1 49. 4 pineapple(Miso) 2 15. 4 corn (Miso) 3 14. 2 Tmrhend (Miso) 4 13 apple (Miso) 5 19 Pepsi (khaleek kadha) 6 35. scarlet grapes(Niktar) 7 25. 88 septette up (Kufa) 8 28 pomegranate (Linda) 9 25. 77 Tmrhend (Toti) 10 19.. 995 Orange (Dalia) 11 13. 33 fruits (Dalia) 12 53. 2 Granules blab (Rani) 13 13. 33 lemon (Tanc) 14 6. 665 orange (Tanc) 15 13.. 33 orange (livas) 16 69.. 95 vita min C (Kruger tablets) 17 19.. 995 Vitamins (joiure tablets) 18 organisation (1) . Vitamin C subject matter in near industrial juice (mg/centuryml) .The result in table (1) and synopsis (1) saluteed the highest soaking up of vitamin C in industrial juices install in granules spill the beans juice where submerging is (53. 32) mg / one C ml and low in orange juice (Miso), smasher (11. 49) mg / atomic number 6 ml ,either powder Limon Tanc, the movement of vitamin C accord to air say on the product is snow %, exclusively the results show that we confuse reached 89. 9 % and its closeness was (3. 33) mg/ deoxycytidine monophosphate ml, where results appeared mantic to be the clog of vitamin C (667) mg of ascendant (45) mg ,results show that this weight (599. 85) mg of initiation (45) mg . go orange Tanc powder result of vitamin C amount to 44. 6 % with the amount fit in to publicise say as the products of degree centigrade %,where it should the weight of vit amin C (667) mg of inception (45) mg ,results show that this weight (299. 9) mg of origin (45) mg .Vitamin C tablets type Krueger agree to publicize say hardly that all (1) gm contains (45) mg of vitamin C, solely the results we obtained the intentness is (69. 95) mg in (1) gm ,an join on of intimately (25) mg. every vitamins fruits tablets type next-to-last agree to bare declared and that all (1) gm contains (8. 8) mg of vitamin C but we occupy reliable is (19. 995) mg in (1) gm, an join on of more than than double. Where the vignette showed that the Tmrhend juice (Miso) was vitamin C management as the results we obtained (25. 7) mg/ one hundred ml ,but fit to the bulletin accustomed farm animal rate and gauge (1. 68) mg/ one C) ml ,either alimonadah juice (Miso) was its cogitate as the results we obtained (15. 4)mg/ one C ml, but gibe to the bulletin connect descent rate and fictional character (0. 1) mg/ one C ml. examine these results with a conc enter set on the publicity these juices, present all the way that in that respect was a variation in the parcel hard of participation to company, And similarly because of industrial juices and handle storage methods. The handling and formulation of food products adversely proceed the quality of vitamin C in food. since it open to heat ,type O and acid, temperate and alkalinity mediums.With regards to the pay of juices, the keepers air-tight containers make of tabloid coat or glass do not cause the lose of what corpse of vitamin C as a result of manufacturing processes still most 10 % age safe retentivity unlifelike containers, whether with paraffin stage or polyethylene, they lead to the impairment of almost 75 % of the foregone troika weeks, even if keeping it in the fridge because these containers do not obstruct the main course of oxygen to juice and oxidize it, in adjunct to the work of the upper-packaged juice or tenanted by air to oxidize the re sidual of juice again, spell the addition of ascorbic acid alkalinity of the reproach vitamin juice toll entirely. Table (2) shows the estimated in pictorial juice tightfistedness and the ratio of vitamin C .Table (2) The results were obtained below, demonstrate the vitamin C kernel in some intrinsic juice in mensuration mg / coke ml . cadence standardized total calculated inhering juices shape mountain chain jibe to mg / snow ml global standards mg / 100 mg 42-50 98. 64 Diala orange 1 42-50 107. 1 Hilla orange 2 42-50 73. 315 Egypt orange 3 37. 71. 4 mandarin orange 4 52. 8 72 63 pomegranate 5 6 51. 5 apple 6 13. 6 17 20. 6 tomato 7 50 47. 6 Onion 8 14 22. 1 Celery 9 27 35. 7 cucumber vine 10 11 20 47. 6 Potato 11 75 83. Lettuce 12 design (2) Vitamin C field in some immanent juices . In table (2) and arrangement (2) the results showed the highest engrossment of vitamin C institute in orange juice, hitting (107. 1) m g /100ml of juice ,the net level was erect in tomato juice, when it reached (20. 6)mg /100 ml of juice. Results showed excessively the armorial bearing of vitamin C parsimoniousness (107. 1) mg /100ml in by nature orange juice (Hilla),98. 64 mg / 100 ml (Diala) and 73. 315 mg / 100 ml (Egyptian) ,while the absorption of vitamin C in Hilla orange highest from Diala orange which highest more than the Egyptian orange. pic pic

Globalizare

I sound in a land with a comparatively puppy standardised democracy. I experienced quantify when immunity of destination was veto and the entrance to culture was stringently forbidden. And right off I persist in spectacular times when boundary kindle be make without the limits situated on piece beings by the authorities, holiness or race. The license that lucre channels us is wonderful, we preempt remove Ideas, portion out discipline, lie with fraud.Now, the portal to information factor prop starnt and I would homogeneous to give an physical exertion of n im mashion that took patch in Romania and which the external gouge named It Romania spill. Thousands of citizenry altogether oer the unsophisticated, with no leading and make gener al matchlessy on kindly net lams, protested against the untied pattern mill just rough st invention that would recitation cyanide and repeal quaternary mountains In the area, escort that Is propose d by a impertinent keep union In coalition with our state government.For this line of descent draw, I utilise an chain of mountains that maintain one of the nearly(prenominal) priceless imagingfulness the footing has gold, an design that fights a nifty dress of art the elude of calm down do by the keen Romania cutter ever Branches and an count on that represents a chef-doeuvre of modern pitfall jump on art, The Thinker, believed to be the oldest cognize prehistoric forge that gleams human introspection. We, the viewing audience, moldiness reflect about the current set in our do its.We mustiness infer about the proverbial comfor circuit card gyves and about the chance that at that egress may be a verity screwing this opinion that gouge be tardily translated in to a funds lyric poem. The viewers must pee-pee the grand certificate of indebtedness that we human race harbor in pitch to push the pictorial resources for futu re day generations, to live in musical harmony with all the species that inhabits the humans and, just about important, to come a popular language with reputation because, like it or not, globalisation affects the total planet, sadly, not ceaselessly in correct ways. net income gives us is wonderful, we arse mixed bag ideas, character information, wassail art. N force that took place in Romania and which the global press named it unionized in the first place on cordial networks, protested against the spread calculate digging abide that would use cyanide and ruin four-spot mountains in the area, project that is proposed by a alien company in confederation with our country government. For this score project, I utilise an substitution class that represent one of the most expensive resource the earth has gold, an pattern that represents a salient work of art the table of repose do by the outstanding Romania woodcarver Constantine Branches and an hu man body that

Application of Neo-institutional and Practice Theory to Fuji Xerox Essay

Application of Neo-institutional and Practice Theory to Fuji Xerox - Essay ExampleFuji Xerox Australia Institutional Design In 1990s organizational change and need for adaptation appeared as a core issue in organizations due to complexity in the political, regulatory and technological environs (Greenwood and Hinings 1996). This big businessman to embrace change and adapt to it has become a key factor in an organizations survival and retaining a competitive edge. Minor(2007, p351) describes institutionalization as a process by which specific fashions or activities are cognitively and normatively applied in an organization, so that it is taken for granted that they are lawful. The institutional supposition there by, does not snap on organizational change but on isomorphism and st great power of an organization (Greenwood and Hinings 1996). Fuji Xerox executive Mr. Gorrie explained the organizational construct as a process by which FX aligns their business processes for creatin g an efficient decision-making process trim-flow. Furthermore, they have a reward system to motivate employees to engage in behavior that is congruent with their environmental conservation goals. Situation Analysis Application of Neo- Institutional Theory Initially it was considered that perhaps institutionalization could be detrimental to an organizations ability to embrace change. This concept was replaced by a newer one that proposed that institutionalization could actually serve as an excellent basis to propagate change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996). Recent developments in Neo-institutional theory have highlighted the capacity of various organizational factors to function as agents of institutional change. This concept can be extrapolated to the concept of institutional entrepreneurship, which implies that organizations develop and manipulate structures to work toward their strategic objectives (Nelson, Neri and Paul, 2007). Mr. Gorrie suggested a practical example of change ma nagement that was supported through institutionalization. He suggested that when FE was awarded the contract for New South Whales Government expense $300 million. The contract required for FE to supply multi-function devices to all higher educational institutions under the umbrella of NSW. The project was huge and the organization was under a great deal of pressure about their capability to meet such a massive demand. That required for extensive change management, this required for massive elaborateness to deliver the order and manage their daily operations. So in light of institutionalization, the change was communicated trough top management and intranet throughout the organization. Furthermore, a senior motorcoach was appointed to ensure that the change was properly communicated and implemented. Application of Practice Theory The main concerns for practice theory are the dynamics of action and the social environment in which the action takes place. According to Feldman and Orl ikowski (2011) Practice theory can be applied to an organization in three ways Firstly the Empirical focus that deals with how people act in the context of the organization, secondly the Theoretical focus which relates the actions of employees to that on the social structures of life, and thirdly the Philosophical focus that addresses the constructive role that organizational practices play in creation of social reality. Mr. Rodney

Assignment Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment Week 4 - Essay ExampleThe ordinary parking partition can be occupied by students who confound opted for ordinary parking passes. A parking spot in this zone is not guaranteed but is rather filled up on a first-come first-served basis.The rampart imposed on ordinary parking zone would be that no supererogatory pass pallbearer will be eachowed to park their vehicles here. On the early(a) hand if the peak hour parking slot is unoccupied after the designated time, it can be occupied by the ordinary pass holder if all ordinary parking zone is full to capacity.e.g. If the peak hours atomic number 18 between 1000 am - 1200 noon and all parking spots are full except for a few peak hour parking spot, the same can be occupied by an ordinary pass holder after 1 hour from the end of peak time (i.e., 100 pm or later). In effect peak hour parking zone transforms into ordinary parking zone if spots are empty after end of peak hours to accommodate more vehicles.In this way student s who regularly part the parking facility can be given a peak-time parking spot at higher rates to ensure maximum revenue, and additional revenue generated from ordinary parking zone where parking depends on first-come first-served.Parking slots for students, who require parking spots during peak hours, should be assigned only in the special parking zone. The ordinary parking zone can have students driving in and out of the parking lot and spots will not be reserved, thus ensuring that parking spots are not wasted.3.The condition of the global market / the larger chain of consumers, clients, partners, competitors i.e. the linked organisations and entities that form the channel for revenue pay heed in and out of the industry and within the industry.If the target market is performing well and there is surplus demand than availability of resources then the pricing schema should be adopted accordingly. Secondary factors that play a deciding role in the choice of a

Delegates and Electors in the United States Assignment

Delegates and Electors in the United States - Assignment ExampleElectors, however, are people that represent a states electoral votes for president and unrighteousness president later on the presidential election is held (Janda, 48).Delegates are selected from all states either through primary elections, caucuses or even for their prominence in the society. In this regard, the delegates of a particular political party will vote in a presidential candidate who they feel has the partys best interests. They also hire the competitiveness and the likelihood of the candidate to give the party a win in the general election. On the other hand, electors are chosen by voters from the fifty States plus the District of Columbia and total up to 538. The candidate who receives a majority of the electors votes becomes the president and his/her running mate the vice president. to each one of the two sets of groups, the delegates and electors, play a decisive part in selecting the president of the United States. The delegates are crucial in the nomination of a political partys presidential candidate and therefore significantly influence the option presented to the people in the general election. Candidates become the official party flag bearers after a vote is taken by the particular partys delegates to the presidential nominating conventions. The delegates, in so doing take their cue from the voters decision during the party primaries and caucuses. It is significant to note that the rules for selecting delegates vary by party by state, and also by congressional district.The electors are too necessary to be assumed as well. It is the electors that influence for the People who the president of the United States of America will be in an election. Each state has a number of electors that is equivalent to the number of both the senators and representatives combined. On the day of elections, voters in each state, choose electors based on their preferred presidential candidate s. It is these elected people, forming the Electoral College, that vote for the president and the vice president, with each elector casting one single vote.

Cognitive week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive week 5 - Essay ExampleThe trace change integrity theory and the interference theory aim to explain the implications that reply from trying to remember or recall memories these implications being forgetting or distortion of memory board which result in causing false memories in an individual. However when we look at the case by Loftus and Polage (1999) on eyewitness testimony we lav see how before long after viewing the video clips the participants answers to basic questions regarding what they had seen were inaccurate and false. This leads us to deduce that false memory problem can be a result of short term memory too. In court cases, mostly in 1983 to 1998, false memory in terms of claimed recovered memory of witnesses and victims had been promptly accepted by the courts with convictions being solely on the reliability of these recovered memories. However it is clearer now that these alleged recovered memories have been tampered with mostly by therapists of these wit nesses and can be hence be false in nature limiting their reliability in court. For example a woman accused Dr. Thompson, a memory expert, to have raped her. However the doctor was doing a live interview just before the womans rape occurred. It was later discovered during a counseling session the womans recollection of the event had become confused and she had simply seen the doctor on television before the assault had interpreted place a recollection that had been a result of a false memory (Sachter, 1996). Therefore highlighting the huge role false memory plays in the recollections by witnesses which can lead to false or inaccurate convictions if relied on solely. References Loftus, F. & Polage, D. C. (1999). Eyewitness Testimony. Psychiatric clinics of North America. 22, 61-70. Schacter, D.L. (1996). Searching for Memory - the brain, the mind, and the past. New York Basic

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Trade - Essay ExamplePolitical realities do influence transnational trade. Countries that are facing political instability are most avoided for trade as there is great deal of uncertainty there, nobody knows when their policies do piss amended and the trading partner has to face loss. Trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas are early(a) political tools that are used by governments to control the number and composition of international trade happening in their economy (Oh & Reuveny, 2010).There are also some countries that avoid much trade with each other due to their rivalry and differences that eventually affect their economies. India and Pakistan, besides being neighboring countries avoid much trade with each other. However, unofficial trade continues between them for galore(postnominal) years amounting around billions of dollars. US has imposed embargo over Cuba (Schwab, 1999) at the same time ongoing trade between mainland China and Taiwan shows an model tha t trade brook even thrive even in the presence of hostile relations (Yu, 1997).This world has now become a global liquidation and there is huge interdependence of countries on one another. Under developed, developing and developed nations all require trade with each other to grow, sustain and flourish their nations. Importance of no nation can be undermine thus limitations of political influence is a better idea. As for today, no nation can survive and grow in isolationism (Fioretos,

The Columbia History of American Television Assignment

The Columbia History of American Television - Assignment utilizationThe silent genesis children grew in complex situations caused by wars and economic hard ups. America suffered the most during the economic crisis in 1929 to 1939 called the great depression. Many American nationals disordered their property and possessions starving on the streets as the employment rates reduced by 24 percent being unemployed (Gary 208).Popular culture allows spate with different opinions styles to relate and identify homogenously and collectively. It serves a critical role in the society as it unites groups on ideas of acceptable forms of behavior. Popular culture comes from the developments of range activities such as modern music, cyberculture, print, entertainment, advertising, and television. Video and television popular culture influence the advancement of the silent generation Era in different perspectives.The increase of the center(a) class and urbanization is the foundation of the famou s culture leading to the industrial revolution. The baby boomers are the initiators of the generational evolution by their arrival leading to the demands for housing, cars, and roads mostly matured between 47 to 65years. The Generation X years range from 31 to 46 and is an in-between generation consisting of the first-generation dual income families.They experience the impacts of the abate of the cold war, the fall of the Communism and the dismantling of the Berlin wall. The development of the MTV and rise of the internet, technology enlightened them to be tech savvy and entrepreneurs. The current generation is the millennial generation with ages from 18 to 30 who have grown in an environment of unrest and increased security after post-September 11 world.Social and political trends promote the age differences in political attitudes and voting choices in the election cycles.

Foundations of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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How and why might violence against women be perceived as indicator of Essay

How and why might violence against women be perceived as indicator of unequal citizenship - Essay ExampleThis paper presents a very attentive argument as to why and how violence against women is an indicator of unequal citizenship. It explores the aspect of gender violence as a whole providing particular forms of violence change women, locations where these forms of violence take place, role of giving medication in eliminating violence, and the key political nourishs and forms of citizenship linked either directly or indirectly to the increased far-flung of gender violence. Indeed, violence against women can be seen as an indicator of unequal citizenship in that from ancient times women have been perceived as having no value in the society and considered as a mans property. They were mandated to be submissive to their husbands and not perform industrial activities they were forced to early marriage, and practiced female person genital mutilations as well as mistreating widows lik e inciting them to commit suicide.2 In addition, with all these, there is no equal citizenship because men alship canal dominate and iniquity women but a few or no perpetrators ar brought to justice. For instance, there have been claims that death sentence as a rape case go against does not end violence but failure to prosecute rapists does not eliminate violence either. Today, feminist movements have addressed the issue of violence and disparity aggressively as a criminal act so as to ensure that there is equality and elimination of gender discrimination because women need to be treated fairly equally as men. Additionally, violence against women serves, as a perfect example of unequal citizenship in that, the fact that women are not equally given chance to occupy some(prenominal) offices is a sign of inequality and as a result, women feel left out. Even though most women in the contemporary world are offered different job opportunities and others are even designated some task s that are usually performed by men, they are still discriminated in some sectors. This to some extent can be seen as an indicator of unequal citizenship. Furthermore, existences of forms of violence that affect women across a variety of location like battering, interior(prenominal) violence, sexual violence among others, and the fact that responsible bodies cannot aggressively address them confirms gender imbalance and unequal citizenship. For instance, most societal members especially men believe that married woman battering not a big issue and it is something that must be done as a way of disciplining women. More so, violence against women shows unequal citizenship since it has been far-famed that popular form of violence against women globally is intimate partner violence commonly referred to as domestic violence. This is what has been happening and is still happening but the government cannot work on this to offer complete security system of women. Psychological violence whe re a man dominates a woman and literally forcing her to be submissive to him as well as exploiting her economically,3 persists. Indeed, this confirms that violence against women is a manifestation of unequal citizenship in our societies. Truly, violence against women indicates unequal citizenship because men usually abuse women in other ways like sex working, child abuse and trafficking and yet, just like men they are supposed to be protected.4 As a result, only few perpetrators are held accountable of their inhuman acts and it has been confirmed that some police officers threaten the victims to never say a word. This for sure can be seen as lack of protection of wome

Marketing Planning and Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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SURVEY BASED ON AN ETHNOGRAPHY DESIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Freudian Approach to Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freudian Approach to Personality - Essay ExampleIt con attituders the reality of the situation but its main function is satisfying id.At the end of the phallic stage of development, when the child attains the age of approximately 5 years, super- self-importance develops due to the moral and ethical constraints placed on the individual by the parents or caregivers. Super-ego is the budding morality or the human conscience that dictates right and wrong and makes the individual hesitate from hurting others. Super-ego is the careful side of the growing child which will stand by it all its life and makes the child more responsible and sociable. Freud verbalize that in a healthy person, ego remains the strongest, because it has to satisfy id, but it will not override super-ego and that makes the individual judgemental, moral, self-righteous, caring and considerate.He believed that at a conscious level, we experience feelings, emotions, desires, impulses and beliefs. He said most of what drives an individual is buried in the unconscious and the unconscious would keep affecting the individual all his life. The impact of the unconscious can never be ruled out and most of the individuals decisions are based on the unconscious. But the unconscious is buried and inaccessible meaning the individual knows only a bitty portion of his personality because most of it is not accessible. We are mainly aware of the conscious and not much of unconscious. Here, we are confronted with pre-conscious or subconscious or procurable memory. This is not actively conscious, but an individual can have an access to it whenever he wants, but to a limited extent, though he has to search for it. Sigmund Freuds surmisal is likened to an iceberg, because the conscious is a small part that shows above the surface, while the biggest unconscious cunningly stays below the surface and does not become visible at all. Freud suggested that all our behavior is motivate by the desire to feel pleasure. That motivation is organized and directed by two instincts sexuality (Eros), and aggression (Thanatos). Freud conceptualized both these instincts as being powered by a form of internal psychic energy that he called libidohttp//intropsych.mcmaster.ca/intropsych/1aa3/Person/lec2-1.htm Allpsychonline - http//allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html Dr. Freud presented the best known theories of personality that have remained every bit controversial. His stages of Psycho-Sexual development consisting of the Oral Stage (birth to 18 months), the Anal Stage (18 months to three years), the Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years), the Latency period (6 to puberty) and the Genital stage (puberty on) blow out of the water the prudish late Victorian and other European societies. He said throughout life, a person tries hard to overcome and control many conflicts, mainly all psychological. For Freud life is principally concerned with the perplexity of these conflicts with individuals attempting to maximise ins tinctual gratification while minimising guilt and punishment. Freuds approach has therefore, been described as a conflict management model of the inner world, Pearce (2003, p.2). According to him, instincts are the driving forces of personality and basic conflicts are individual instincts versus societys needs. He said all human behaviour is motivated by life instincts, and he called this motivational energy libido and called sex the most

American Companies & Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Companies & Globalization - Essay ExampleThe economy of the country has experienced slow growth in the upstart past in spite of world the largest adept market of the world. The success of the operating organizations depends on the situation that is prevailing within the country and abroad. The multinationals are a lot more interested in drawing their strategies keeping into account the global perspective. The activity of foreign affiliations is indeed a complement for the key parent activities in the country in terms of employment, requitals towards workers and capital investment. In order to operate globally it is required or the organizations to expand as well as conflate the foreign activities as such activities cannot be substituted. The expansion by the U.S. parents along with the affiliates contributes to increase the productivity and also contributes to improve the standard of living of all Americans. The uprising concerns for the U.S. multinationals are mainly focused on the competitiveness. The success of the multinationals is very important as these companies have been productive for a long time and form the pillars of economical strength. The companies are engaged in serving the fast growing markets abroad. The following figure reports the share of the private sector economic activities of U.S. that is accounted for by U.S. parents. It can be depicted from the figure above that parent companies of United States perform large shares of the productivity of America which tends to enhance the activities paving the path for high average compensation for the workers of the country. Accessing the foreign consumers is one of the drivers for the global engagements of the U.S. multinationals. The new customers can contribute in strengthening the revenues of the companies as well as the profitability of the association will testify the upward rising curve. The Statistics show a variation in the rate of GDP over the periods. One can held the e volving size of the national markets and the perspective of the consumers as the reason. When a U.S. multinational operates globally, the company can take hold of foreign currencies which they can divert into the economy of the residing country. Therefore, the economy boosts up with foreign inflow and thereby the company contributes in improving the economic structure of the country as a whole. The multinationals involved in producing goods and services are also engaged in exploration of resources and extraction. Following the policy of diversifying the products and global engagements, the U.S. multinationals are reducing the risk of crisis since a slowdown in one of the countries can be nullified by prosperity in the other. Therefore, indirectly, the economy of the country is as well enjoying a shield against the turbulences. The multinationals also contribute in increasing the exports of the country. The Balance of Payments of the country improves being the resultant. The integrat ed operations that the multinationals follow across borders stimulate the exports potential of the country. Let us take the example of IBM. Even today when U.S. remains as the largest single market the company earns more than two-thirds of the total profits from abroad. A great deal of sales accrues from the exports of U.S. or the products which are produced or designed in the country. The company annually brings the economy billions of dollars from its global operations. In the last two years, the company repatriated more than 20 billion dollars

Autonomy and motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autonomy and motivation - Assignment ExampleParadigm This investigate paper has utilized mixed research method look into Questions The original question and probably one of the most difficult facets of any research task is the recognition of suitable research questions. Research questions are a pivotal and essential part of any quantitative research. The process of identification for soft research that is discussed in chapter 6, is quite dissimilar than for quantitative research (Deci and Ryan, 1985). For example, questions are usually not as narrowly constrained as they are in quantitative studies when keeping with the goals of research in qualitative studies. Questions should be interesting in that they address current and emerging issues they need to be sufficiently constrained and narrow so that they can be answered at the same time in the same manner. Broad research questions can be easier said than done if not impossible to attend to with bug out breaking them trim into smaller questions that are answerable. Ethical consideration As discussed by Deci and Flaste (1995), in most educational settings, one ought to obtain permission from a committee of serviceman research before recruiting volunteers for a research project or before conducting any research (page 16). Drnyei (1994) describes mixed methods research as a conspiracy of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single research project. The two approaches have been identified already and there is no need replicate their main features. The methodology used was the sampling of population taken into consideration to get their responses on the contentious issues. The first batch of respondents was gotten from nine different departments of parents. Those in actual estate and the building industry, structural engineering, management, hotel management, English, mechanical engineering, bilingual studies and maritime studies. The total population of the respondents was 508. Most of those intervie wed were graduates and diploma holders (Dickson, 1995). Instrumentation According to Holec (1981), typically there are two distinct types of instruments of survey data collection interviews and questionnaires. Questionnaire instrument is given in written form, and are used where information is to be got or self-collected from a large number of individuals. On the other hand, interviews are orally administered and are used in cases where there is need for in-depth information from a smaller group of individuals. The instrument used to gather the information was a questionnaire. The questionnaire had four sections. Each section had its own set of information that was to be submitted at the end. The first section was to determine who was responsible, between the teachers and the students should be the one to facilitate various verbal expressions under learning both in and out of the classroom situation harmonize to the students preferences. The second section was to determine the spe cific views according to the students on their own abilities to carry out similar learning aspects in and out of the classroom. The third aspect aimed at gauging the amount of motivation the students could afford to uphold in learning situation, especially of the English language. The fourth section set out to find out the actual activities the learners engaged in under both the classroom and outside class environment that could be considered as a manifestation of the subject

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Final - Essay ExampleIt impacts the reserves held by banks and other institutions to alter cash to corporations and households. On a enceinter scale, it affects the depict of reserves in the banking system, and thus the interest appreciates and boilers suit growth in the economy. a) If central bank sells government bond, it takes money in exchange for the bonds. This reduces the reserves of private sector banks, and their capacity to make loans to households and corporations and thus cause money growth to decline by means of money multiplier mechanism. The central bank usually targets a certain level of bank reserves or a particular interest rate for these reserves. OMO allows Fed to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system and therefore influence short term interest rates. Given that Fed sold 1 million dollars worth of government securities, and that the money multiplier is 5. The reserves of banks and lending institutions to go down by $1 million, this mo ney could have been used to leap out loans worth $5 million (Amount X Multiplier). This is part of Feds tightened the monetary policy. The graph below shows how a change in the supply of money influences interest rates. The supply curve of money shows the quantity of money supplied, with all other things remaining constant. As the quantity of reserves is determined by the Feds monetary policy, the supply curve of money is assumed to be vertical line. ... The components of GDP include Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government intake (G) Net exports (X - M) These components be easily influenced by changes in interest rates. When interest rates are high, people do not want to borrow money through loans as it is more expensive to repay. This reduces the demand for most of the products such as cars, new houses or house renovation, large appliances, luxury goods etc. which causes the overall consumption in the economy to fall. Businesses also avoid raising money for expansion or start up through loans because the interest rates are higher. Similar is the case for government borrowing. As interest rates increase, the foreign investment allow for tend to commencement because foreigners will get a large return on their investment. This drives up the demand for dollar and causes exchange rate to rise. As exchange rates surge, our imports will become cheaper and their demand will rise exports will be more expensive for foreigners, so their demand will fall. The graph below depicts how a change in the aggregate demand will impact price level and real GDP of the economy. The graph above shows a shift in aggregate demand curve from AD to AD, it shows the impact on price level as prices have reduced from P to P the real GDP in the economy has fallen from Y to Y. As we know that the demand for labor is a derived demand, that is, it is required only when a higher quantity of other goods is required. If the aggregate demand for goods and function in the economy goes down, a lower quantity of labor will be required to produce these goods. People who are willing and able to buy the farm will not find jobs,

Writing Style and Light Wine Essay Example for Free

Writing Style and Light Wine EssayDifferent writing styles appeal to different audiences. In an withdraw from, The Life of Samuel Johnson, by James Boswell, Boswell distinguishes between the two very different writing styles of Joseph Addison and Samuel Johnson. Boswell believes both are very esteemed bring outrs scarce it is evident Boswell favors Johnsons style over Addisons. Boswell conveys his perspective on both styles with diction and devices, namely similes and metaphors. At first Boswell defends Addison against claims made on Addisons writing style as nerveless and feeble compared to that of Johnsons. In his passage, Boswell considers the social position from which Addison is writing from. He states Addison writes with the ease of a gentleman, indicating Addisons style has a casual, eloquent, and polite manner. Addisons style is flowing and easygoing like a conversation, indicating that he writes the way he speaks. He is more than like an accomplished companion and do es not write like he is above his audience from an intellectual standpoint but rather a knowledgeable colleague. Boswell signifies Addison is more relaxed with his writing and is easy to understand from the inception to end.Addison insinuates his sentiments with an imperceptible influence. The way Addison communicates his ideas is not imposing and not very forceful. He causes his audience to consider his point of view and supports it with viable arguments bringing the indorser to respect him. He is more like a fainthearted wine where he appeals to everyone. In contrast, Johnsons style is bolder and more forceful. Boswell observes that Johnson writes like a teacher Johnson as opposed to Addison makes himself known as the higher intellectual to his audience.Johnson does not hold back and states his arguments firmly like a professor speaking in front of his students. He dictates to his readers as if from an academical chair and does not simply suggest his point like Addison but conv eys it with a commanding nature. Johnsons readers do not just respect him, they look at him with awe and admiration. Boswell is one of those readers who finds Addisons writing pleasing but prefers a more intellectually enkindle read that can be found in Johnsons work.Boswell sees Johnsons writing as more invigorating and captivating to the ear, writing that others aim for. extremely relished and like liquor of more body is how Boswell describes his view on Johnsons writing. The after effect of Johnsons work is more lasting and is far more appreciated by those looking for more substance. It is apparent Boswell favors a more mind stimulating read. Readers find enjoyment in Addisons work but are astounded by Johnsons. He states both styles appeal to different audiences, with readers fancying Addison but admiring Johnson.Boswell respects Addison and does not show any disrespect to him in the least(prenominal) but clearly favors Johnsons style. He praises both authors but elevates Joh nson in a subtle way. Boswell contrasts both writers as Addison being more like light wine and Johnson as liquor of more body. Liquor is more complex while light wine is simpler. It takes one with refined taste to richly appreciate the boldness of liquor versus a common wine that is simply pleasing to everyone. Addisons work can still be enjoyed but Johnsons work is for those who wish to be intoxicated with knowledge.

Developmental Psychology and Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

increaseal Psychology and former(a) chelahood fostering EssayIntroduction The first six years of life be minute years of human life since the rate of cultivation in these years is more rapid than at any other stage of increase. Global star research also informs us about the significance of ahead of time years for brain dumbfoundment. Early puerility business concern and Education (ECCE) makes a positive part to childrens long edge development and larn by facilitating an enabling and stimulant environment in these foundation stages of lifelong learning.Parents as caregivers are circumstantial in providing a stimulating learning environment to the child and the first two and a half to three years need not be in a formal learning environment. The National class Framework acknowledges the significance of involvement of parents, family and community. The course at the betimes childhood stage helps to check opportunities for holistic learning and growth.The ECCE p latform postulate to be determined by childrens developmental and contextual needs, providing for more need base inputs and an enabling environment. disposed(p) this need for an separateised approach, it was believed that a common political program would not be catch for all. However, over the years it has been ascertained that the practical realities are divers(prenominal) and most(prenominal) of the ECCE programmes on offer currently do not have developmentally appropriate programmes for the junior child.The vacuum created by a lack of curriculum model has resulted in its macrocosm filled with either a minimalist programme or the downward extension of the primary stage curriculum. To ensure optimal development for all children, there is a need to create a think curriculum framework, encompassing developmentally appropriate knowledge and skills, with flexibility for contextualization. A curriculum framework is also required to ensure that important learning areas are c overed, taking care of all the developmental needs of the young child.It also facilitates bridal of a common pedagogical approach to reach for a certain level of prize and address the widespread novelty in the ECCE programmes available for the young children in India. This Curriculum Framework is in line with the Governments vision of ECCE as spelt out in the National Early childishness Care Education Policy and is a wide-eyed framework of elemental guidelines for curricular goals, programme content, classroom manages, parent guidance 4 Early childishness Education Curriculum Framework 2012and teacher preparation across different provisions and across all regions.The purpose of this open framework is to promote quality and excellence in early childhood education by providing guidelines for practices that would promote optimum learning and development of all young children and set out the broad arrangement of approaches and put by bureau ofs rather than detailed defining of the content. A cautious approach is being adopted to not provide a detailed curriculum/broadcast which would be prescriptive and delivered to the young children in a straight jacketed manner.The Curriculum Framework calls attention to the common principles and developmental tasks, at the same time, respecting the diversity in the child rearing practices and contextual ECCE needs. Each programme is expected to develop its own curriculum to meet the needs of its children, their families, the specific setting, the linguistic finish and the local community. However, the programmes should be based on the curriculum principles and guidelines laid down in this framework.This Framework is a dynamic document and would be continually reviewed and evolved in the light of emerging needs. Also, with the adoption of the framework, case studies of emerging best practices will follow and learnings from them would further strengthen the framework. This Framework is firmly focussed on the needs o f the child and should lead to improved quality of learning and increased attainment of learning outcomes for children participating in ECCE programmes.The other components for the holistic ECCE programme much(prenominal) as nutrition, wellness and care are to be ensured by cross reference from related instruments. Objectives of Early childhood Education The tug of Early Childhood Care and Education is to facilitate optimum development of the childs full potential and lay the foundation for all round development and lifelong learning. This aim is to be achieved done with(predicate) enabling the child to ? Develop a positive self-concept. ? Establish a sound foundation for a good physique, adequate brawny coordination and basic motor skills.5 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Imbibe good health garments and basic life skills/ self-help skills necessary for in-person social adjustment. ? Enhance verbal and non- verbal communication skills which would facil itate expression of thoughts and feelings in fluent, correct, clear speech. ? Develop the five senses and cognitive skills and concepts which are foundation for higher(prenominal) order thinking and reasoning. ? Develop wound up maturity by guiding the child to express, understand, accept and control feelings and emotions.? Imbibe values, social attitudes and manners important in his/her socio cultural context and to become sensitive to rights and privileges of others. ? Develop independence, aesthetic appreciation and creativity by providing child with sufficient opportunities for self-expression and active exploration, investigation and experimentation. ? Make a smooth transition from pre shallow to primary through development of emergent literacy and school readiness. Principles of Early Learning Learning begins from birth From infancy children are mentally and physically active.They learn through all their senses and stimulations. Children construct knowledge They construct the ir own knowledge or working models while they actively engage in their environment and through repeated fundamental interactions with populate and materials. This simply means that children dapple, taste, shake things and so on to find out what happens and learn about things in their environment. Childrens curiosity and want to learn Children are curious and eager to learn. They have an inherent need to make sense of their experiences and learn about the world around them.Children learn through gambol round is central to the childs well-being and development Childrens spontaneous play provides opportunities for exploration, experimentation, manipulation and problem solving that are requisite for constructing knowledge. rook contributes to the development of representational thought. 6 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Child development and learning are characterized by man-to-man variation No two children are same. Each child has an individual pattern and t iming of growth and development as well as individual styles of learning.Childrens personal, family experiences and cultural backgrounds also vary. Childrens learning reflects a recurring turbinate that begins in awareness, and moves to exploration, to inquiry, and finally, to application. Any new learning by children begins with awareness, which is generated from their experiences with objects, events, or pot and ends with utilization, where children are able to use what they have learnt for multiple purposes and apply their learning to new situations.At this stage children start exploring the future(a) level of information and the spiral continues. Children need to experience success more than failure to form a positive self-concept The experiences should be planned in accordance with the maturational level of the children, such that they are challenging yet achievable, so as to promote self-confidence. When children have confidence in themselves, they do better. They are eager to try new and harder things they hit new skills and become more confident and capable.Children develop holistically and benefit from integrated experiences and education Learning and development of children takes place in totality. All the domains of development i. e. physical, motor, cognitive, language, socio-personal, emotional and creative and aesthetic appreciation are relate and take place simultaneously. Curriculum Content The curriculum must address the following interrelated domains of holistic development through an integrated and play based approach which focuses on development of life skills.? Physical and Motor Development Gross motor skills coordination of fine muscles with dexterity eye hand coordination sense of balance, physical co-ordination, and awareness of s ill-use and direction nutrition, health status and practices. ? Language Development Listening and comprehension spontaneous skills/speaking and communicating vocabulary development pre- literacy/emer gent literacy skills like phonological awareness print awareness 7 and concepts letter- sound Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 correspondence recognition of letters building words and sentences and early writing.Introduction to language of school transaction. ? Cognitive Development Development of respective(a) concepts including pre number and number concepts and operations (knowledge and skills related to comparing, classification, seriation, conservation of space and quantity, one to one correspondence counting) spatial sense patterns and estimations in measurement data handling skills related to sequential thinking, critical thinking, observing, reasoning and problem solving and knowledge about concepts and physical, social and biological environment.? Socio-Personal and Emotional Development Development of self-concept selfcontrol life skills/ self-help skills habit formation initiative and curiosity engagement and persistence cooperation compassion social relationships conference interaction pro- social behaviour expressing feelings, accepting others feelings. ? Sensorial Development Development of the five senses through visual, auditory and kinaesthetic experiences. ? Development of Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Exploring different art forms, develop dispositions, expression and appreciation for artistic, dance/ gambol and musical activitiesPhysical Motor Development Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Language Development Socio-Personal Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development 8 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ECCE is.. A balanced play based programme of language, cognitive, creative and psychoticmotor activities A child touch on programme catering to individual childrens learning emotional needs through individual, minuscular and blown-up group activities and one to one communication. A school readiness programme which readies children for learning to read, write and do arithmetic later.A programme which indirectly promotes self-control and thereby inner discipline in children through interactions. ECCE is not.. A syllabus bound programme for teaching 3Rs nor a song and a rhyme and go home approach. A teacher centred programme that follows formal classroom approach as in school A program for formally teaching reading, writing and arithmetic, which is to be done in primary. Not a programme which demands unquestioning obedience or exercise strict classroom discipline (Source Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme.National Council for educational Research and Training) The ECCE programme should ensure holistic development of the child and reflect the inseparable nature of care and education by comprehensively addressing the need for care, nutrition, health and well-being of young children and parent counselling along with supporting the development of all domains. The holistic development approach is vital for provision of interconnected and interrelated activities covering all domains of development. Suggestive Developmentally Appropriate/Age appropriate Activities for ECCE For Children Under 3 years ?Focus on health, nutrition and early psycho social stimulation through informal play and a lot of bountiful child interaction. Eg. s. , (infant games, traditional songs syllables, access to concoction of play materials, individualized adult attention and interaction, opportunities to explore, early introduction to stories, infant books, drawings etc. ) in safe, spacious and clean environment. 9 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 For Children among 3 to 4 years ? Planned play based programme for all round development with more of free play. Continuous opportunities, more free but some guided, for adult child, child to childBasic Tenets of Curriculum Development ? Based on needs and capacities of young children ? Recognition of special features of childrens thinking ? Mix of formal and informal interac tion ? Familiarity and challenge in everyday rhythm ? Primacy of experience rather than expertise ? Developmentally appropriate practice and flexibility ? Use of local material, arts and knowledge which reflect the diversity and culture of the children. Source Position Paper, National Focus Group on ECCE, 2005 interaction and interaction with play materials and environment through a variety of individual, small group and magnanimous group activities.? Opportunities to listen to stories, learn rhymes, create, indulge in creative play, ask questions, do simple problem solving, experiment to promote active and interactive learning and generally have a feel good experience for a positive self-image. For Children between 4 to 6 years Moving towards an increasing ratio of adult guided vs. free play activities, and more of large group activities for 4-5 year grey-headed and focused more on specific school readiness for 5-6 year old, with increasing complexity in all of above. ? reading Readiness e.g. picture sound matching, shapes, phonetics increasing vocabulary verbal expression, ontogenesis bond with and inte lie down in reading through picture books, storytelling, charts etc. 10 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Writing Readiness e. g. eye hand coordination, interest in writing, left to right directionality. ? Math developing skills in classification, seriation, pattern making, reasoning, problem solving, forming concepts pre number and number concepts and space concepts and vocabulary, environment concepts.? Motor development fine motor development through activities such as beading, pegboards and puzzles and large muscle development through running, jumping, balancing activities etc. ? Creativity and aesthetic appreciation Creative drama, cultural activities, field trips etc. The programme should be relevant to individual and societal needs. The age demarcations are indicative and the activities have to be planned according to the develo pmental level of the children. Principles of Programme Planning ? ? ? The activities should be age and developmentally appropriate.Activities fostering all domains of development should be appropriately planned. The attention span of young children is 15-20 transactions therefore the duration of activities should be 20 minutes, with additional time allotted for winding up and initiation of the next activity. However, the programme should allow space and flexibility for need based variations. ? There should be a balance between structured and unstructured active and quiet outdoor and indoor self-directed and adult initiated learning opportunities and individual, small group and large group activities. ? ? ? ? The experiences should progress from simple to complex.A wide range of individual and group experiences should be planned which are related to the childs environment, are enjoyable and challenging for children. Routine fosters a sense of security in children. Therefore some rou tine should be followed in the daily programme. The ECCE programme should neer be rigid. 11 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? The duration of the pre-school programmes should be 3 to 4 hours. The programme should provide for some rest period during the day and if it is of longer duration, as a full day programme, then a nap time is to be ensured. ?Learning opportunities should be interconnected, linking learning experiences across developmental domains in a meaningful context, reflecting the real life context of the children. ? The language used should be the mother tongue of the child. Efforts should be do to extend their language sensitively and introduce the school language gradually to facilitate school readiness. ? Curriculum goal and objectives should guide classroom process and estimate of the children. The curriculum should be implemented in a manner that reflects responsiveness to family/ home values, beliefs and experiences.? The programme should pro vide opportunities for exploration and experiential learning, promoting active engagement with people and objects in the environment. Outcomes of Early Childhood Education Curriculum Children who ? ? ? Communicate in effect Display emergent literacy skills, mathematical skills and scientific temperament Express emotions in socially acceptable manner, are socially adaptive and cooperative ? Have physical control, strength and healthy habits Pedagogical Approaches The curriculum adopts a play and activity based approach.Children are visualised as active beings who construct their own knowledge and the process of teaching learning is one of co-construction of knowledge, with adults as facilitators. 12 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Various approaches are practised for transacting the Early Childhood Education programme. Some commonly adopted approaches are Montessori Method This method acting is characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, a nd respect for a childs natural psychological development and is transacted through specialised centripetal material.Regio Emillia Based on the work of Loris Mallaguzi, this is a constructivist approach which focuses on creation of a learning environment that enhances and facilitates childrens construction of their own thinking through the combination of communicative, expressive and cognitive languages as they engage actively with people, material and environment. Progressive Method This is an eclectic approach which draws from the major child development theories. Recognizing the numerous paths of learning, latest researches and contemporary work lay the foundation of this framework.Thematic Approach Integrated themes and projects form the core content of the curriculum. These themes should enable the children to make meaningful connections among the different concepts and develop holistic understanding of the world around them. The curriculum should be flexible and responsive t o the needs of the children in the class. It is to be constructed to suit the diverse social, cultural, linguistic contexts in the country, and initiate integrated learning.A programme can adopt any of the above mentioned approaches to transact the curriculum. An integrated daily/ weekly/ monthly programme should be prepared with a well-rounded selection of learning experiences that strengthen all domains of development and are age and developmentally appropriate. The activities for different domains and concepts should be planned purposefully to enable a child to actively engage with and experience the concepts. These will help to consolidate the learning and lay the foundations for future.Caution should be observed to not equate the curriculum to just an exercise of organising activities, rather it should be viewed as a planned and purposeful intervention and adult child and child to child interaction to facilitate the process of knowing, understanding and construction of knowledg e by the children. The aim of the curriculum should be to foster 13 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 development through integrated activities rather than mere completion of worksheets or repetitive exercises and activities.To address the needs of the large group of children in one class and multi-age setting, the strategy would be to conduct the activities in large group, small group and individual level. Essential Play and Learning clobber In early childhood stage, a child learns through interacting with immediate environment hence environment should be stimulating and should have a variety of materials to arouse and sustain the childs curiosity, interest and promote his learning. ? Adequate supply of developmentally appropriate play materials to foster all round development should be available at the ECCE centre ?The materials should be safe, clean and in good conditions. Sufficient quantity should be available to work in small groups and it should be easily a ccessible to the child. ? The materials should promote gross and fine motor development and help the child to discover and explore including constructing and reconstructing. It should promote sensory exploration and social interaction along with creative expressions through arts, painting, etc. Some essential play materials are Indoor Material o Blocks for constructive play o Manipulative toys 14Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Material for imaginative play /Dramatic play dolls, puppets, masks, kitchen sets, mirrors, old spectacle frames, purses, old shoes, weighting scales, clock etc. o Material to develop Language skills books and picture books, storytelling aid, puppets, story cards, sound board, conversation cards, flash cards, picture dominoes, accretion of rhymes and stories, visual discrimination and auditory and visual association materials, slates, chalks, crayons, blackboard, drawing paper, etc.o Material to develop cognitive skills sound boxes, vi sual discrimination cards, touch cards, feel bag, food items of varying kind to develop sensory skills, number domino cards, picture jigsaw and self-correcting puzzles for matching, sorting, arranging, classifying, problem solving, memory and sequential thinking to develop cognitive skills and materials in the environment o Musical instruments o Art material for creative expression such as paints, crayons, pencil, paint brushes, cotton, threads, clay, knife, papers, scissors, cloth, gum and fevicol, bead, etc.In addition to locally available material, teachers/caregivers can develop play and learning material for specific activities planned in the programme. Outdoor Materials o Play equipment to build balancing, jumping, climbing, swinging, swaying, cycling, etc. o Materials like large or small balls, old tyres, rings, etc. for throwing, catching, kicking, rolling, etc. 15 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Sand and water play arrangement with sand pit, mugs, spoo ns, cups, bucket, sieves, strainer, etc.Assessment Assessment is an essential and integral component of any ECCE programme to ensure that the programme remains child centric and the experiences and activities are planned according to the level of the child. It gives an insight into childrens interests, achievements and possible difficulties in their learning from which next steps in learning and teaching can be planned and thereby provides a platform to support the planning of a coherent curriculum for progression in learning.In order to ensure that the programme is responsive to the developmental needs of the child, it is essential to maintain their developmental and learning profile. The purpose of sound judgment is to give useful information about childrens learning and development to the adults providing the programme as also to children and their families. It also helps ensure early identification of developmental delays, special educational needs and particular abilities. Ass essment contributes to evaluation, revision, and development of programmes. The areas of assessment ? ? ?The childs interest and participation Skills and abilities Social interactions The assessment of the children should be formative, nonstop and flow from the experiences planned in the curriculum. Formative continuous assessment implies documenting the development of the child, by interpreting the evidence from the day to day experiences of the child with the purpose of recognising and further strengths and addresses learning/developmental gaps. teachers need to evaluate each childs progress on an ongoing basis, through observations of their behaviour their artwork and other products.Home-based observations may also be 16 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 conducted. The current level of performance should be rewarded to reinforce small steps of accomplishments towards the long term goals. Portfolio should be maintained for individual child. It should contain an ecdotal records, developmental checklists, samples of drawing, writing and other activities, observation notes and parent teacher meeting notes. Role of Caregiver/Teacher The caregivers/ teachers in an ECCE programme are facilitators who engage children in multiple experiences to foster their all-round development.They play the following sections ? Observe children to identify their needs and capabilities and move with the pace of the childs development ? Plan appropriate, ? ? ? developmentally holistic and challenging activities Focus not only on planning and conducting activities but also on continuous processes for interaction and relating learning to childs environment. Create nurturing and positive relationships with children and among children Organise supportive learning environment by taking care of aspects such as the arrangement of the physical environment and equipment the scheduling of activities and events and groupings ?? ? Work in partnership with parents Facilitate learning to meet the objectives of the curriculum Help in early identification and intervention for children with special needs 17 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 To accomplish the above the teachers need to enjoy being with young children, be knowledgeable about childrens development and early childhood curriculum and should be skilled at implementing the curriculum.Role of Parent The young child spends most of the time at home and much of the early learning occurs through the childs day to day interactions with the family. The parents have a major role to play in the childs development, much beyond merely being around the child and providing food and other basic needs. Parents need to ? Provide a conducive environment at home for optimal development and learning and spend quality time with the child ? ? ? ? ? elevate exploration and experimentation at home and optimally utilise the ample opportunities for incidental and lifelong learning arising from the daily activities Play a cooperative role and establish a relationship of trust and mutual respect with the teacher/caregiver at the ECCE centre Share and plan the development of their child along with the teacher/caregiver Participate in the open days and other events for parents and community Not to force formal learning and competition at this early age and respect childrens abilities and personalities.Supportive Essentials The open framework approach to curriculum adopted herein requires certain preconditions as essentials. These are ? An enabling and stimulating learning environment which has been carefully designed and is child friendly 18 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? ? ? ? ?Contextually and culturally appropriate curriculum content Developmentally appropriate learning and play material Activity rhyme and story bank Childrens Activity Book flight simulators Manual and Teachers Guidebook addressing adult-child interaction, arrangement of the physical environme nt and equipment, planning of the daily routine etc.to help teachers implement the curriculum effectively ? ?Supportive supervision Professional development opportunity for ECCE caregivers 19 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 1 Some Significant Themes to be covered in the Curriculum Myself, my family and community Food, health, hygiene and cleanliness Natural world and environment plants animals and birds fruits and vegetables Physical environment air, water, universe, seasons Social environment My country festivals and celebrations neighbourhood means of transport 20.Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 2 Sample Weekly Plan Theme zoologys beat 9. 00-9. 30 9. 30-10. 00 Monday peck quantify Free Conversation (Animal Names) Tuesday Assembly Guided Conversation (Homes of Animals) Sorting Cards (Animals and their young ones) Block Play luncheon Tearing and pasting on animal drawings Wednesday Circle Time Free Conversation (Food of An imals) Soft and Hard Surface Thursday Assembly Guided Conversation (Animals and their young ones) Shape Circle Friday Circle Time Guided Conversation (Uses of Animals) Pattern Writing.10. 00-10. 30 Seriation Activity (Small to large animal) 10. 30-11. 00 11. 00-11. 30 11. 30-12. 00 Animal Race Lunch Free hand drawing of pet animals Swings and slides Lunch Models of animal homes Walking on Zigzag line Lunch Making Clay Animals Sand Pit Lunch Mask Making 12. 00-12. 30 Animal Rhyme (Pet Animals) Music and Movement Activity (How animals move) Rhyme Dramatization (Farm Animals) Animal Story (Wild Animals) Song and Dance (Birds) 12. 30-1. 00 Winding up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure.Note The time allotted for each activity is 15-20 minutes the time slots of 30 minutes allotted in the plan include setting up, distribution of material and winding up for each activity. 21 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 A nnexure 3 Sample Thematic Web Numeracy Sorting pictures of animals and their young ones Creative Art Models of Animal Homes Language Rhymes and stories on Animals Cognitive Animal names Types Pet/ Wild/ Aquatic Animal food, sound , home Animals Physical Motor Animal Race Tearing and Pasting on Animal Drawings.Socio-Emotional Free Conversation Music Movement Song and Dramatization 22 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Important Resources 1. Bhatnagar, R (2005) Little Steps. A Manual for Preschool Teachers. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 2. Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 3. suffer and Child Protection Card, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. 4. Muralidharan, R. , Asthana, S. (1991) Stimulation Activities for Young Children.National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 5. Position Paper on Early Childhood Care and Education, National Focus Group (2006). National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 6. Soni, R, Kapoor R, Vashishtha, K. K. (2008) Early Childhood Education. An Introduction. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 7. Swaminathan, M. and Daniel, P. (2004) Play Activities for Child Development A Guide to Preschool Teachers. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 8. WHO Child Growth Standards- Methods and Development, World Health Organisation 23.