Life and Work of Langston Hughes :: Biography bio Hughes Langston Poet Essays

Life and Work of Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes, an African American, became a well known poet, novelist, journalist, and playwright. During the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes gained fame and respect for his ability to express the Black American experiences in his works. He was one of the most original and versatile of the twentieth century black writers. Influenced by Paul Laurence Dunbar, Carl Dandburg, and his grandmother Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes, Langston Hughes began writing creatively while he was still a young boy (Barksdale 14). Born in Joplin Missouri, Langston Hughes lived with both his parents until they separated. Because his father immigrated to Mexico and his mother was often away, Hughes was brought up in Lawrence, Kansas, by his grandmother Mary Langston. His grandmother embedded Hughes? sense of dedication. Her second husband (Hughes's grandfather) was a fierce abolitionist. She helped Hughes to see the cause of social justice. Although she told him wonderful stories about Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth and took him to hear Booker T. Washington, Hughes did not get all the attention he needed. Furthermore, Hughes felt hurt by both his parents and was unable to understand why he was not allowed to live with either of them. These feelings of rejection caused him to grow up very insecure and unsure of himself. Because his childhood was a lonely time, he fought the loneliness by reading different books. ?Books began to happen to me, and I began to believe in nothing but books and the wonderful world in books where if people suffered, they suffered in beautiful language, not in monosyllables, as we did in Kansas? (Hughes 16). Langston Hughes began writing in high school, and even at this early age was developing the voice that made him famous. High school teacher and classmates recognized Hughes writing talent, and Hughes had his first pieces of verse published in the Central High Monthly, a sophisticated school magazine. An English teacher introduced him to poets such as Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, and these became Hughes?s earliest influences. In 1921 he entered Columbia University, but left after an unhappy year. Langston was very fascinated and influenced by Harlem?s people and the life itself, there. The Big Sea, the first volume of his autobiography, provided ?such a crucial first person account of the era? that much of what we know about the Harlem Renaissance we know from Hughes?

Latinos and their History in the United States

Although loosely united by a common heritage as native Spanish speakers from the Americas or their descendants, the numerous Latino groups in the United States are ethnically, racially, and socio-economically heterogeneous; each Latino subgroup representing a distinct culture and geographical area of the Americas. Using the terms â€Å"Latino† and the more official â€Å"Hispanic,† which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted in 1970, to describe the cultures of peoples from Mexico and the countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean is problematic in several respects.The term â€Å"Hispanic† is rejected by many authors as too reductive in its association with Spain and Spanish culture, thereby ignoring the indigenous and African heritage of many Latin American and Caribbean people. The term â€Å"Latino,† based more neutrally on an identity shared through the use of language, is perceived as more useful, if still an unsatisfactory label. â€Å"Chican o† and â€Å"Nuyorican,† more recent terms, are occasionally interchangeable with â€Å"Mexican American† and â€Å"Mainland Puerto Rican,† although the former in particular reflects a political expression of ethnic pride and the latter is now geographically limiting.The distinctions between these terms, even after being outline, remain in many situations vague.   Indeed, even the US Census fails to make accurate and definitive definitions:People who identify with the terms â€Å"Hispanic† or â€Å"Latino† are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the questionnaire—†Mexican,† â€Å"Puerto Rican,† or â€Å"Cuban†Ã¢â‚¬â€as well as those who indicate that they are â€Å"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.† Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before t heir arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.   (US Census, Subject Definitions, 2000)Current statusToday the Latino presence has emerged, as a fact of American life – this diverse group has come to the United States and themselves become â€Å"Americans.† In fact, Latinos comprise the largest minority in the US today according to US Census studies. Furthermore, their data shows that â€Å"the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2005 [was 42.7 million] making people of Hispanic origin the nation’s largest ethnic or race minority. Hispanics constituted 14% of the nation’s total population†Even today, this group continues to endure obstacles of racism in public policy and wide spread discrimination in the US.   Being grouped together has made the situation for many of what can loosely be considered Latino sub-groups both challenging and difficul t.   From the anti-Cuban sentiment in Florida to the anti-Mexican wall that has been proposed by President Bush, despite being the largest minority group in the US, these types of incidents and policies ensure that they remain just that – in the minority.FutureAs the next U.S.-born generations of Latinos come of age, the barriers and pain of systemic racism could be attacked more openly.   Many young people will start to openly reject the assumptions and generalizations that perpetuate stereotypes and keep Latino people in the grip of racism.Historically, in the organized pursuit of civil rights and equality in the United States black Americans have usually led the way. Since at least the early 1900s they have forced the passage of all major civil rights laws and the majority of the pivotal executive orders and court decisions protecting or extending antidiscrimination efforts. Latinos as well as Native and Asian Americans have been able to make some use of these civil ri ghts mechanisms to fight discrimination against their own groups, and this will likely continue in the future.Census data shows that in 2004, 21.9% of Latino people in the US were living in poverty and a further 32.7% lacked adequate health insurance.   Yet conversely, the same studies show that there were1.6 million businesses owned by Latino people in 2002 and that from 1997 to 2002, the rate of growth for businesses owned by Latino people was 31% compared to the national average of 10%. According to 2004 data, 2.7 million Latinos over the age of 18 had at lest a bachelor’s degree.   This means that things could well be shifting in the right direction.   Education and business savvy could well be conquering the effects of poverty and poor medical care. While these people continue to experience racism and ethnic stereotyping, there is an underlying spirit of perseverance that keeps them going and will no doubt pave the way for a brighter future.ReferencesAgosà ­n Marj orie. â€Å"Literature.† Latinas of the Americas. Ed. K. Lynn Stoner. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.Everett C. Ladd, â€Å"Moving to an America beyond Race,† The Public Perspective 7 (February/March 2003)Harry J. Brill, Why Organizers Fail ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).John H. Bunzel, â€Å"Words that Smear, Like ‘Racism,’ Provoke Polarization,† San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2000U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.htmlUS Census Bureau. Hispanic Population of the United States. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic.html

A Reflection on Philippians

Paul said certain things here that can give the modern-day workers of the gospel a glimpse into how did Paul do his work as a servant of Christ. Remember that the first Disciples of Christ who became His apostles, strictly obeyed Jesus’ instructions of â€Å"preaching the gospel† and â€Å"making disciples.† Whenever they teach, they would teach what Jesus had taught them, and they followed Jesus’ strategy of ministry.They all reflected Jesus Christ in the manner that they do their work. In Apostle Paul’s words, we have an apostolic standard: teaching, living by example, and receiving by faith what they have heard (on the part of the listeners/followers).1.) Teaching. In the Great Commission (Matt.28:19-20), teaching is one of the major parts. All those who are involved in the gospel work must know for certain that teaching is first in their â€Å"to-do† list.The gospel message must be preached clearly and effectively. When it comes to winnin g souls for Christ, nothing can replace the preaching and teaching of the gospel. Modern-day tricks may for a time draw people, but genuine conversion of souls happens only when the gospel is preached/taught.2.) Living up to what you preach. Many today have been able to master the skills necessary for powerful preaching. They have charismatic and strong pulpit presence. But when it comes to living out in public what they preach, they fall short. Here, at this point, is where the church at large is lacking.Many who are drawn to good and powerful gospel preaching are looking for human examples – people who put flesh on the word of God; those who are incarnational in their approach. Paul said, â€Å"The things which you learned. . . and saw in me, these do. . . .† It is only when the teachers themselves have learned to live out in the reality of daily life their teachings can they be able to tell their audience to act on what they had been taught. 3.)Do what I teach. Conv iction is present when the preacher knows by experience what he/she is talking about. Paul was able to preach to the Thessalonians powerfully, and they believed and accepted Paul’s message as the very words of God because the apostle preached to them in such a powerful way and full of conviction. He lived what he preached; therefore, the word of God is effective in them. They followed and obeyed Paul’s preaching.   

3 Dimensional Modelling in Architectural Design

Computer package engineering is an of import portion of computing machine engineering, because computing machine is made up of computing machine package, computing machine package engineering is one of the most concerned country in the computing machine engineering, human today manipulated by the fast development of computing machine engineering. Today ‘s package development tends to be more professional and directivity, as a pupil whom is analyzing design, we are frequently in chase of better consequences and had to utilize particular design package to accomplish our ends. As a design pupil we must be all familiar with computing machine 3 dimensional mold package plans Today I’m traveling to discourse the most common known and most frequent used 3 dimensional mold package plan utilizing by non merely design pupil but besides many professional architecture interior decorators and jewellery interior decorators, merchandises interior decorators, urban, interior, exterior interior decorators! Introduction to 3 dimensional mold: The so called 3 dimensional, harmonizing to the theory, is where the human describes any point in 3-dimensional infinite by agencies of three co-ordinates, and we labeled each co-ordinates, the x co-ordinate, y co-ordinate and the omega co-ordinate, where the ten co-ordinate represent left and right of a infinite, y co-ordinate represent up and down of a infinite and omega co-ordinate represent forepart and dorsum of a infinite. Thus it concluded the formation of the human stereoscopic vision ; the 3 dimensional theoretical accounts are made up of 3 dimensional computing machine package plans, this to accomplish further development of computing machine engineering in assortment of industries. We live in a 3-dimensional universe ; meanwhile, we besides live in an informatization epoch and informatization epoch which is characterized by computing machines and digital. Computers are widely used in all industries. Today’s planar imaged computing machine would no longer be satisfied, we wanted the computing machine to be able to show a more reality signifier and the 3 dimensional mold package plans can turn this into world. The alleged 3-dimensional mold is to utilize 3 dimensional informations to construct up bing objects in world or our imagined objects and reconstructed this objects in computing machine. It includes the basic information such as the 3D co-ordinates define the locations of object points, the colour of the object surface, Transparency, and texture etc†¦3 dimensional mold plans is widely used in assorted countries, and it provides an Intuition, so 3 dimensional images play an progressively of import function in assorted Fieldss. There are many benefits and good grounds of why utilizing 3 dimensional mold package plans, First, cognizing how to utilize 3 dimensional computing machine package plans can develop our intelligence to heighten our imaginativeness. During our survey life clip, Because of our acquisition system and the environment, we have become less able to bring forth alone imaginativenesss and less able to lucubrate on thoughts. Chiefly because of the emphasis we are covering with each twenty-four hours, we have become uncreative ; most of the clip we thought copying would be a much simpler manner to bring forth work. However cognizing how to utilize a 3 dimensional mold package plan will make full this vacancy. Second, those who know how to utilize 3 dimensional mold plans can do abstract in writing image become more intuitive and easy to understand. Introduction to Rhino 3 dimensional patterning techniques: Rhino is a powerful 3-dimensional package plan ; it is the first powerful AGLib NURBS patterning engineering complete the debut of the Windows operating system package. Rhino is easy to utilize, extremely flexible and extremely accurate mold tools. Rhino provides about all tools to be used in the creative activity of 3-dimensional theoretical accounts ; it can make any conceivable form, it can besides make any undertaking can non be completed in world therefore Rhino is a really powerful 3 dimensional patterning doing package plan 3 dimensional mold devising is the basic consensus in design devising procedure, without theoretical account edifice, the design thought would be hard to show. It plays an of import portion in the design procedure, because a realistic 3d theoretical account is able to reflect the bend quality and the stuff of the theoretical account, it genuinely made our design thoughts becomes existent. Rhinoceros 3 dimensional Modeling treatment: Modeling devising is the basic mold technique ; Today ‘s 3D mold package plans has its ain unique patterning system, patterning method can hold many different types, but the chief 3 types are the NURBS mold, Polygon mold and Patch Modeling. The rhino package plan provides NURBS patterning devising, subdivision mold, Carving Modeling and polygon mold. Polygon mold is the oldest method, and is besides the most common method ; polygon mold is the splicing of trigons and quadrangles, the 3 dimensional theoretical account we see on screen is connected by the â€Å"face† of polygons, and every â€Å"face† are different sizes and orientations, by arrenging these â€Å"faces† it complete a really complex 3 dimensional theoretical account. NURBS mold, Is the most popular mold method, it offers great flexibleness and preciseness for managing theoretical account forms, is a much more merely and efficient method, it seems everyone can make their 3 dimensional theoretical account utilizing the NURBS engineering. Subdivision mold is besides sometimes called the bomber mold, is a manner of as it named, it applies subdivision surfaces to make new geometry that has the consequence of smoothing out geometries, like regular hexahedrons, pyramids, it produces smooth out render forms. Use of rhino 3D mold in my undertaking analysis: To be able to show my imagined design thought to my audience and interpret my imagined design thought to world, at this phase I began to utilize 3 dimensional package plan rhino to construct my imagined 3 dimensional theoretical account. To construct up a 3 dimensional theoretical account utilizing rhino, it sometimes take longer times, therefore it would be better for us to take a concluding development theoretical account to construct alternatively. This manner we can concentrate on every inside informations of the theoretical account. When utilizing a 3 dimensional patterning plan making a theoretical account, we need to believe carefully about its construction, we must hold a full apprehension of this theoretical account, if we are non certain about the theoretical account construction so the theoretical account that we are traveling to construct would non hold a realistic visual aspect, the inside informations would be losing. Therefore I prefer the quality, non the measure. The use of this 3 dimensional package plan rhino has clearly improved the quality of my design, rhino provides theoretical accounts with texture, the textures of the theoretical account is really merely an image we see on screen, but after rendering, it can do the theoretical account appeared more elaborate and more realistic. Compared with wireframe theoretical accounts, it is a higher degree engineering. Design procedure:Collect relevant information, research relevant graphicssDesign construct: chalk out out all useable and suited thoughtsDeleting unserviceable and unsuitable thoughtsSet up a concluding development theoretical account3 dimensional mold doing utilizing 3 dimensional package plan rhinoKnowing how to utilize this 3 dimensional plans rhino, I have learned many valuable know ledges, foremost, to hold a good presented 3-dimensional theoretical account is a really of import procedure when making a design work, without a good 3 dimensional theoretical account, it is impossible to finish a good design work. And with the aid of this 3 dimensional plan rhino, it made design work go smooth, easy and efficient. Design construct: My design is called the rain angle, the rain angle was inspired by the conditions of Auckland, where the I did a record of the conditions of Auckland, I noticed the conditions of Auckland was interesting due to the rapidly velocity alteration of temperature. The temperature is colder in the forenoon, the temperature is hotter during tiffin clip, the temperature rises at tiffin clip and temperature bead in the late afternoon. I besides noticed Auckland is ever high in degree of humidness, before it rains, humidness normally increases, When it is raining, comparative humidness draws near 85 % -100 % , Auckland mean humidness is between 75 % -98 % , therefore it sums up a decision that Auckland rains really often, I did a record of Auckland conditions by roll uping informations on the web site â€Å"the accuweather.com† the ruddy point represents a twenty-four hours it rained, and base on these ruddy points, I did a graph that shows the rain informations of Auckland! Yet Auckland has unstable temperature, and rains often, but it does non consequence on wild life’s life, people ever say New Zealand is the last Eden for the birds, as New Zealand has more species of flightless birds – both life and nonextant – than any other state. I recorded a conditions information graph and translated the conditions informations graph of Auckland into a 3 dimensional theoretical account ( the rain angle ) the flow and the geometry allows the theoretical account to roll up rain H2O, rain H2O will be reused by birds, birds’ utilizations as a H2O armored combat vehicle and a bird’s bath! This theoretical account is specially designed for birds.

Collective Action Problem Essay

Problem Statement: – Competitors Coca- cola and Pepsi-cola have to decide whether or not to offer discount pricing. Matrix:-    Pepsi – cola    Coca- cola Pricing Strategy Discount price Regular price Discount price $4b,   $2b $8b,   $1b Regular price $2b,   $5b $6b,   $4b * b means billion    Description: – Both companies can choose one outcome by offering a discount price or a regular price. The payoff for each firm depends upon the pricing strategies of both firms.     For coca- cola the worst case scenario is $2 billion payoff when it offers regular prices while Pepsi-Cola charges discount prices. Similarly, for Pepsi- Cola the worst case scenario is $1 billion. Solution: – A dilemma is involved because each party would like to have maximum benefits by offering the discount and hoping that the other doesn’t.   The only secure means both companies have of avoiding meager profits is to offer discount prices. The ideal scenario would have been when both were offering regular price as they would have earned $6 billion (Coca- cola) and $4 billion (Pepsi-Cola). But, it’s difficult to trust each other and thus, they both go for the conservative strategy and settle down for profits of $4 billion and $2 billion for Coca-cola and Pepsi-Cola respectively.

Alcohol And Domestic Violence

Alcohol And Domestic Violence Essay Domestic ViolenceFound at the scene of the crime two dead bodies stabbed brutally, and leftto die at their house. This was the story that shocked the country in 1991. This was the start of the O.J. Simpson domestic abuse case that is still goingon today. Unfortunately events like this happen many times over everyday inmany setting all over the United states; however the victims of the other casesdont get nearly as much publicity. Some facts about domestic abuse:An average of nine out of 10 women have to be turned away from shelterson. The reason so few cases get assigned initially is the police usuallydont have enough officers to meet the demandAt the Portland Womens Crisis Line, where calls have doubled since thekillings of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman, they welcome the increasedattention. From July 19,through March 31, 1993 a total of 3,665 domestic violencecases were reviewed in Portland Oregon. Of those, only 281 cases resulted insome action taken against the accused abuser. Some of this is because there isnot enough police, but it is mostly because the abused person is scared. For the last six months of 1993 and the first three months of 1994Portland averaged about 1,000 calls each month or 12,000 calls a year. In January 1992, 30 criminal domestic violence complaints were issued. For January 1994, the number was more than 100. Nationally, estimates range from 2 to 4 million women assaults each year. Some studies show that 20 to 30 percent of all women who seek help athospital emergency rooms are there because of domestic violence. Kyra Woods never made it to the emergency room. Whoever killed her saw tothat. She suffered 13 stab wounds to the back five of them so violent the knifecame out the other side of her body. Woods mother, Mable, and two aunts wept quietly in a back row of thecourtroom as the prosecution argued against bail for Woods former boyfriendJackson. Rod Underhill, the prosecutor, painted a picture of domestic violence. He told of a dramatic moment after the killing, when Woods 4-year-old son,holding a teddy bear, re- enacted the attack. He put his hands around the neckof the bear and shook it, Underhill said. He began to pound it with a closedfist and slug it.Mable Woods said that her daughter never told her much about any abuse. Neighbors, however, told police of hearing the couple fight violently. Accordingto police reports, one neighbor said, They fought so hard the pictures on thewall shook back and forth.Jackson has pleaded innocent. His attorney, Angel Lopez, points out that nomurder weapon has been found. He said the account from the 4-year-old boy couldnot be matched with any others, and he pointed out inconsistencies in the boysstatements. Bail was denied. Jackson was accused of killing his former girlfriend, Kyra Woods, bystabbing her 13 times. His bail hearing normally would have merited littlepublic attention. What brought out the cameras and reporter was the Simpson case. Children are often the unseen victims of domestic abuse. they see oneof their parents being harmed and this leads to high stress. Boys tend to bemuch more hostile when raised in a broken home. They are also ten times morelikely to be abusive when they grow up. Girls raised in an abusive family tendto be very shy and afraid of boys. When they grow up they are 50 times morelikely to marry an abusive husband. READ: Gregorik Andras EssayThe effect of domestic abuse on society is negative, but unfortunatelyit does not get much publicity unless it involves a figure that is well knownsuch as O.J. Simpson. Another sad thing is that people often shrug off domesticabuse calling it a personal matter because they dont want to get involved orthey are afraid of what people will think about themSurvivors have found the emotional strength to break from their abusersthrough different means: a hot-line number remembered from a restroom wall, awallet card of crisis numbers from a pediatrician who would not overlook amothers black eye. A grown child begging her mother to fleeand a shelter withan open bed. The women, some with their identities changed to protect their privacy,talked about shame, guilt, fear of triggering even greater violence, low self-worth, isolation, embarrassment, numbing depression, concern for children,foiled escapes, a unrealistic sense of reality, a walking-on-eggshells existenceand, perhaps above all, an illogical hope that something would change. the abuser can make everything sound so good, says Florence A. Reid, 45,now living in transitional housing through Bradley- Angle House after 10 yearsin a violent marriage and another 13 year relationship, in an abusiverelationship both with men who were full of promises after the pummelings. Even now, 25 years later, after dozens of broken ribs, a broken jaw, pushesdownstairs, and out a car, and thrice-weekly bouts with her husband sometimesdrunk, sometimes soberkicking with his work boots as she lay on the floor;even now, Reid has pipe dreams of living happily with this teen-age love, ofsitting on a front porch and talking about the old days. Wouldnt that be nice? asks Reid. Just live a normal life with thefather of my children.The first time I tried leaving my husband was 1972. I took the kids to afriends house, she remembers. He found me and brought a gun with him. Ofcourse, I just went back.In 1992, after dozens of tries, Ruth left for the last time, with the helpof a daughter, and ended up at West Womens Childrens Shelter. Ruth, who now works part-time at a bank, sighs. I dont know. For years,my excuse was the kids. And of course, I realize that was probably the worstthing I did for them. And I always thought, Things will get better if I dothis.'Other women clung to similar fantasies, sure the goodness and charm wouldreturnif they could love him better, do everything right. When someone abusesanother person they often have a certain attitude such as thinking that it isthe abused persons fault and that they brought it upon themselves. extensivestudies have shown this. The abuser often blames the person who was abused fortheir troubles. Abusers often have a hard time communicating. Unfortunately theabuser is rarely gets action taken against them.But when they do it is oftenvery serious. The least that could happen is that the abuser gets a restrainingorder. In more serious cases there can be a number of penalties ranging fromshort prison term to a life sentence. This is the information that I found whenI looked up domestic abuse. As you can see some of these facts are rather grimbut people are becoming more open to ideas and people are reporting more thanever. I hope that this stops being the most un reported crime in the UnitedStates so that we can get the problem under control. BibliographyBreiner, S., Slaughter of the Innocents (1990);deMause, L., The History of Childhood (1988);Kempe, H., and Helfer, R., The Battered Child, 4th ed. (1987);Kempe, Ruth S. and C. Henry, Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents(1984);Moorehead, C., ed., Betrayal (1990); Wexler, R., Wounded Innocents(1990). READ: Chicano Migration EssayDomestic Abuse Metro Nashville Police Department Evaluation of theSurviving Together Support Group for Women and Children (Womens Group)For Health and Community Services July 1995 By Christine SziklaEASTWOOD, S. Parenting After The Violence in Parent Help Program: News Information Number 8, November 1992, The Australian Council for EducationalResearch Limited, Hawthorn: Victoria. (p.4)WARD, J. How to Research Community Issues: The Grounded CommunityDevelopment Research Method. Partnership Press in Association withDeakin University, Melbourne: 1993. Social Issues

Timid President-Futile War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Timid President-Futile War - Essay Example The wars are considered futile because of the many expectations the Bush administration intended to achieve that did not come to pass, the reason why President Obama decided to withdraw the U.S troops from Iraq after almost a decade of occupation. President George Bush’s decision to attack Iraq was based on unfounded beliefs in the presence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The Saddam Hussein administration granted the UN and the Americans permission to inspect their weapons artillery to ascertain if they were indeed developing weapons of WMD and even though nothing was found, Bush and his administration believed Iraq did not reveal everything and that formed the basis of American’s invasion of Iraq and the subsequent execution of Saddam Hussein. George Bush’s decision to convince congress to allow America attack Iraq was based on fear that terrorists were likely to attack America again and not necessarily because of WMD that were never found after they subdu ed Iraq. Another factor that led to American invasion of Iraq was interest in the Middle East oil resulting from the fear of uncertainty in the future of American energy security. For this, he saw Saddam Hussein as a major impediment to the benefit they would receive from Middle East oil. They had prevailed upon the United Nations to put economic sanctions on Iraq with the food-for-oil arrangement but this did not deter Iraq, so he believed the best way to achieve their objective was by deposing Saddam Hussein from power. It was therefore an embarrassment to the bush administration when the WMD were never found and nothing could justify the military expenditure on the war (McClellan & McClellan, 2008). President Bush’s fear just before and after the invasion of Iraq began showed up immediately. The United Nations, led by Kofi Annan, opposed the war and proposed a peaceful way of resolving the American suspicion but the administration disobeyed because their fears. It is this very fear that led to interference in the war by civilian commanders based in Washington, which left soldiers on the ground very indisposed. There was also the misconception by the administration that Iraqi soldiers could provide reinforcement and military support. Some Iraqi soldiers did not support the war and posed a great risk to Americans as they ganged up with insurgents to cause trouble to the American troops. In fact, many American soldiers died and had injuries more than the administration had anticipated. As a result of fear, the Bush administration overlooked the process of reconstruction; they did not foresee the magnitude of destruction that resulted from this war. The destruction was so vast that it needed the participation of European bloc, the UN and other international bodies to help in the reconstruction exercise. Although the three segments were interested in participating in the reconstruction, American stubbornness in its interest to lead the reconstruction exer cise after causing destruction made them develop cold feet and some eventually withdrawn. President Bush then made it appear like no country or organization was willing to participate in the restoration exercise. Toward the end of the Bush administration, there was panic both in Washington and Baghdad when it became apparent that there was a political and military vacuum in Iraq. The Iraqi government apparatus collapsed and the institutions that provided basic services like water and electricity could no longer coordinate because staff could not come to work. The Bush administration in its panic started doing things in haste to fill in the vacuum.